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Operant Conditioning
Learning
38
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/29/2008

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Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
A type of learning in which behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it
Term
Instrumental Learning
Definition
Learning in which an organism's behavior is instrumental in bringing out certain outcomes
Term
Law of Effect
Definition
A response followed by a satisfying consequence will become more likely to occur while one followed by an annoying consequence will become less likely to occur
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
A response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it
Term
Strengthened
Definition
An increase in the frequency of a response
Term
Reinforcer
Definition
The outcome (stimulus or event)
Term
Punishment
Definition
Occurs when a response is weakened by outcomes that follow it
Term
Punisher
Definition
A consequence that weakens behavior
Term
Skinner's analysis of operant behavior requires what 3 events?
Definition
Antecedents, Behaviors, Consequences
Term
Antecedents
Definition
Stimuli present before behavior occurs
Term
Behaviors
Definition
What the organism emits
Term
Consequences
Definition
Follows behavior
Term
Skinner's 3 Events example 1
Definition
antecedents (IF i say sit)
behaviors (AND my dog sits)
consequences (THEN he gets a treat)
Term
Contingency
Definition
Relation between behavior and consequence
Term
Differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning
Definition
Classical - focuses on elicited behavior, reflex-like response
Operant - focuses on emitted behavior, organism generates a response under it's physical control

CC-learning occurs through CS-UCS pairing
OC-learning occurs when responses made by organism become associated with certain consequences

CC-CS occurs before CR and triggers it
OC-the reinforcer or punisher comes AFTER
Term
Discriminate Stimulus
Definition
a signal that a particular response will now produce certain consequences
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
a response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus
Term
Positive Reinforcer
Definition
the stimulus that follows and strengthens the response
Ex: Food, drink, comforting physical contact, attention, praise, money
Term
Primary Reinforcers
Definition
Stimuli that are naturally reinforcing because it satisfies biological needs
Ex: Food, water
Term
Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcers
Definition
Acquire reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers
Ex: Money
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
response is strengthened by the subsequent removal of an aversive stimulus
Term
Negative Reinforcer
Definition
Aversive stimulus that is removed
Term
Punishment vs Reinforcement
Positive vs Negative
Definition
Punishment always WEAKENS
Reinforcement always STRENGTHENS
Positive means PRESENT a stimulus
Negative means REMOVE a stimulus
Term
Aversive Punishment, Positive Punishment, Punishment by Application
Definition
A response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus
Term
Response Cost, Negative Punishment, Punishment by Removal
Definition
A response is weakened by the subsequent removal of a stimulus
Term
Shaping (method of successive approximations)
Definition
involves reinforcing successive approximations toward a final response
[can reduce acquisition time]
Term
Chaining
Definition
used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response
[begins with final response and works backwards]
Term
Operant Generalization
Definition
An operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus that is similar to the original one
Term
Continuous Reinforcement
Definition
every response of a particular type is reinforced
Ex: Every $1.25 deposited into a soda machine results in a cool, bubbly drink
Term
Types of Partial Reinforcement
Definition
ratio, interval, fixed, variable
Term
Ratio
Definition
Certain percentage of responses are reinforced
the more responses the more reinforcement
Term
Interval
Definition
Certain amount of time must elapse between reinforcements
Term
Fixed
Definition
Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses
Term
Variable
Definition
Time or required number of responses vary around an average
Term
Fixed Ratio Schedule [FR]
Definition
Reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses
FR-3 means reinforcement is given every 3rd reponse
Term
Variable Ratio Schedule[VR]
Definition
Reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses, all centered around an average
VR-3 means reinforcement on average every 3 responses
Ex: VR for first 12 responses might be 2, 3, 6, 11... highly resistant to extinction b/c long periods of no payoff will eventually be followed by reinforcement
GAMBLING!
Term
Fixed Interval [FI] Schedule
Definition
First response after a fixed time interval is reinforced
FI-3 means after 3 minutes
Term
Variable Interval Schedule [VI]
Definition
Reinforcement is given for first response after an average time interval
VI-3 means about 3 minutes
Ex: speed traps, random drug testing, pop quiz
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