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OpenStax Chemistry: Atoms First 2e Chapter 4 Key Terms
Chapter 4 Key Terms
40
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
02/03/2022

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Term
axial position
Definition
location in a trigonal bipyramidal geometry in which there is another atom at a 180 degree angle and the equatorial positions are at a 90 degree angle
Term
binary acid
Definition
compound that contains hydrogen and one other element, bonded in a way that imparts acidic properties to the compound (ability to release H+
Term
binary compound
Definition
compound containing two different elements.
Term
bond angle
Definition
angle between any two covalent bonds that share a common atom
Term
bond dipole moment
Definition
separation of charge in a bond that depends on the difference in electronegativity and the bond distance represented by partial charges or a vector
Term
bond distance
Definition
(also, bond length) distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms
Term
bond length
Definition
distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms at which the lowest potential energy is achieved
Term
covalent bond
Definition
bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms
Term
dipole moment
Definition
property of a molecule that describes the separation of charge determined by the sum of the individual bond moments based on the molecular structure
Term
double bond
Definition
covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms
Term
electron-pair geometry
Definition
arrangement around a central atom of all regions of electron density (bonds, lone pairs, or unpaired electrons)
Term
electronegativity
Definition
tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a bond to itself
Term
equatorial position
Definition
one of the three positions in a trigonal bipyramidal geometry with 120 degree angles between them; the axial positions are located at a 90 degree angle
Term
formal charge
Definition
charge that would result on an atom by taking the number of valence electrons on the neutral atom and subtracting the nonbonding electrons and the number of bonds (one-half of the bonding electrons)
Term
free radical
Definition
molecule that contains an odd number of electrons
Term
hypervalent molecule
Definition
molecule containing at least one main group element that has more than eight electrons in its valence shell
Term
ionic bond
Definition
strong electrostatic force of attraction between cations and anions in an ionic compound
Term
Lewis structure
Definition
diagram showing lone pairs and bonding pairs of electrons in a molecule or an ion
Term
Lewis symbol
Definition
symbol for an element or monatomic ion that uses a dot to represent each valence electron in the element or ion
Term
linear
Definition
shape in which two outside groups are placed on opposite sides of a central atom
Term
lone pair
Definition
two (a pair of) valence electrons that are not used to form a covalent bond
Term
molecular structure
Definition
arrangement of atoms in a molecule or ion
Term
molecular structure
Definition
structure that includes only the placement of the atoms in the molecule
Term
nomenclature
Definition
system of rules for naming objects of interest
Term
octahedral
Definition
shape in which six outside groups are placed around a central atom such that a three-dimensional shape is generated with four groups forming a square and the other two forming the apex of two pyramids, one above and one below the square plane
Term
octet rule
Definition
guideline that states main group atoms will form structures in which eight valence electrons interact with each nucleus, counting bonding electrons as interacting with both atoms connected by the bond
Term
oxyacid
Definition
compound that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and one other element, bonded in a way that imparts acidic properties to the compound (ability to release H+
Term
polar covalent bond
Definition
covalent bond between atoms of different electronegativities; a covalent bond with a positive end and a negative end
Term
polar molecule
Definition
(also, dipole) molecule with an overall dipole moment
Term
pure covalent bond
Definition
(also, nonpolar covalent bond) covalent bond between atoms of identical electronegativities
Term
resonance
Definition
situation in which one Lewis structure is insufficient to describe the bonding in a molecule and the average of multiple structures is observed
Term
resonance forms
Definition
two or more Lewis structures that have the same arrangement of atoms but different arrangements of electrons
Term
resonance hybrid
Definition
average of the resonance forms shown by the individual Lewis structures
Term
single bond
Definition
bond in which a single pair of electrons is shared between two atoms
Term
tetrahedral
Definition
shape in which four outside groups are placed around a central atom such that a three-dimensional shape is generated with four corners and 109.5 degree angles between each pair and the central atom
Term
trigonal bipyramidal
Definition
shape in which five outside groups are placed around a central atom such that three form a flat triangle with 120 degree angles between each pair and the central atom, and the other two form the apex of two pyramids, one above and one below the triangular plane
Term
trigonal planar
Definition
shape in which three outside groups are placed in a flat triangle around a central atom with 120 degree angles between each pair and the central atom
Term
triple bond
Definition
bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms
Term
valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory (VSEPR)
Definition
theory used to predict the bond angles in a molecule based on positioning regions of high electron density as far apart as possible to minimize electrostatic repulsion
Term
vector
Definition
quantity having magnitude and direction
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