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| inner transition metal in the bottom of the bottom two rows of the periodic table |
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| mathematical function that describes the behavior of an electron in an atom (also called the wavefunction) |
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| procedure in which the electron configuration of the elements is determined by |
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| structural model in which an electron moves around the nucleus only in circular orbits, each with a specific allowed radius |
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| electromagnetic radiation given off in an unbroken series of wavelengths (e.g., white light from the sun) |
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| electron in an atom that occupies the orbitals of the inner shells |
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| attractive force between the nuclei of a molecule |
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| (also, molecular compound) composed of molecules formed by atoms of two or more different elements |
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| one-half the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms when they are joined by a covalent bond |
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| region of space with high electron density that is either four lobed or contains a dumbbell and torus shape; describes orbitals with |
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| orbitals that have the same energy |
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| charge that leads to the Coulomb force exerted by the nucleus on an electron, calculated as the nuclear charge minus shielding |
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| electromagnetic radiation |
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| energy transmitted by waves that have an electric-field component and a magnetic-field component |
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| range of energies that electromagnetic radiation can comprise, including radio, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays |
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| energy change associated with addition of an electron to a gaseous atom or ion |
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| listing that identifies the electron occupancy of an atom |
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| a measure of the probability of locating an electron in a particular region of space, it is equal to the squared absolute value of the wave function |
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| processes that increase the energy of an atom and involve the absorption of light |
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| state having an energy greater than the ground-state energy |
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| processes that decrease the energy of an atom and involve the emission of light |
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| multilobed region of space with high electron density, describes orbitals with |
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| number of wave cycles (peaks or troughs) that pass a specified point in space per unit time |
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| state in which the electrons in an atom, ion, or molecule have the lowest energy possible |
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| vertical column of the periodic table |
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| Heisenberg uncertainty principle |
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| rule stating that it is impossible to exactly determine both certain conjugate dynamical properties such as the momentum and the position of a particle at the same time. The uncertainty principle is a consequence of quantum particles exhibiting wave |
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| the unit of frequency, which is the number of cycles per second, s?1 |
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| every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin |
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| (also, noble gas) element in group 18 |
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| (also, lanthanide or actinide) element in the bottom two rows; if in the first row, also called lanthanide, or if in the second row, also called actinide |
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| electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged ions of an ionic compound |
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| compound composed of cations and anions combined in ratios, yielding an electrically neutral substance |
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| energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion |
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| group of ions or atoms that have identical electron configurations |
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| inner transition metal in the top of the bottom two rows of the periodic table |
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| electromagnetic radiation emitted at discrete wavelengths by a specific atom (or atoms) in an excited state |
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| magnetic quantum number (ml) |
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| quantum number signifying the orientation of an atomic orbital around the nucleus |
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| (also, representative element) element in groups 1, 2, and 13 |
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| element that is shiny, malleable, good conductor of heat and electricity |
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| element that conducts heat and electricity moderately well, and possesses some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals |
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| (also, covalent compound) composed of molecules formed by atoms of two or more different elements |
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| ion composed of a single atom |
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| (also, inert gas) element in group 18 |
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| any point of a standing wave with zero amplitude |
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| element that appears dull, poor conductor of heat and electricity |
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| pictorial representation of the electron configuration showing each orbital as a box and each electron as an arrow |
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| polyatomic anion composed of a central atom bonded to oxygen atoms |
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| dumbbell-shaped region of space with high electron density, describes orbitals with |
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| Pauli exclusion principle |
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| specifies that no two electrons in an atom can have the same value for all four quantum numbers |
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| (also, series) horizontal row of the periodic table |
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| properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers |
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| table of the elements that places elements with similar chemical properties close together |
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| smallest possible packet of electromagnetic radiation, a particle of light |
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| ion composed of more than one atom |
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| principal quantum number (n) |
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| quantum number specifying the shell an electron occupies in an atom |
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| field of study that includes quantization of energy, wave-particle duality, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to describe matter |
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| number having only specific allowed values and used to characterize the arrangement of electrons in an atom |
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| (also, main-group element) element in columns 1, 2, and 12 |
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| spherical region of space with high electron density, describes orbitals with |
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| secondary (angular momentum) quantum number (l) |
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| quantum number distinguishing the different shapes of orbitals; it is also a measure of the orbital angular momentum |
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| (also, period) horizontal row of the period table |
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| atomic orbitals with the same principal quantum number, |
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| number specifying the electron spin direction, either |
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| atomic orbitals with the same values of |
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| electrons in the high energy outer shell(s) of an atom |
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| high energy outer shell(s) of an atom |
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| oscillation of a property over time or space; can transport energy from one point to another |
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| mathematical description of an atomic orbital that describes the shape of the orbital; it can be used to calculate the probability of finding the electron at any given location in the orbital, as well as dynamical variables such as the energy and the angular momentum |
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| distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave |
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