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Oncology
Lorraine S.
51
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
05/05/2012

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Cards

Term
Cancer/mortality
Definition
1 in 4 deaths is cancer related
1500+ die of cancer every day
5 year survival rate continues to improve
Term
Risk Factors/Heredity:
Definition
5% to 10% have familial component
Term
Risk Factors/age
Definition
76% of cancer occurs after age 55
Altered immune response with aging
Hormonal changes
Older adults less likely to do cancer screening
Term
Risk Factor/stress
Definition
Keeps epinephrine and cortisol at high levels
Depression
Term
Risk Factors/diet
Definition
Genotoxic foods (i.e. nitrosamines)
Promoters – high-fat, low-fiber
Saccharin, red food dyes, coffee
Term
Risk Factors/occupational
Definition
Outdoor workers – solar radiation
Healthcare workers – ionizing radiation and carcinogenic substances
People who work in old buildings – asbestos
Term
Risk Factors/infection
Definition
Epstein-Barr
HPV
Term
Risk Factors/tobacco
Definition
Carcinogenic substances in tobacco weak – quitting can reverse risk
Second-hand smoke
Term
Risk Factor/drugs & Alcohol
Definition
Unhealthy life style
Immunosuppressive effect
Term
Risk Factor/sun exposure
Definition
Thinning ozone layer – increased rate of skin cancers
Elderly have less pigment – increases risk
Term
Hyperplasia
Definition
Increase in number/density of normal cells
Term
Metaplasia
Definition
Change in normal pattern of differentiation
Cells differentiate into cell types not normally found in that location
Term
Dysplasia
Definition
Loss of DNA control
Abnormal variation in size, shape, and appearance
Term
Anaplasia
Definition
Regression of cell to immature or undifferentiated type
No DNA control
Not reversible
Term
Oncogenes
Definition
Genes that promote cell proliferation
BRCA-1 and BRCA-2
Term
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Definition
Normally suppress oncogenes
Can become inactive
Term
Theories of carcinogenesis
Definition
Damaged DNA, whether inherited or acquired, sets up the initial step for cancer to occur
Impairment of the immune system, from whatever cause, lessens its ability to destroy abnormal cells
Term
Genotoxic carcinogens
Definition
Alter DNA
Cause mutations
Term
Promoter substances
Definition
Cause other adverse effects
Cytotoxicity
Hormonal imbalances
Altered immunity
Chronic tissue damage
Do not cause cancer without previous cell damage
Term
Known carcinogens/Viruses
Definition
Damage cells
Play a role in DNA mutation
Weaken immunologic defenses
Some viruses can cause malignancies
Hepatitis B – liver cancer
Papillomaviruses –laryngeal, penile, cervical cancers
Vaccines being investigated
Term
Known carcinogens/Drugs and Hormones
Definition
Either genotoxic or promotional
Chemotherapeutic drugs
Some recreational drugs
Gonadotropic hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
Glucocorticosteroids and anabolic steroids – promoters
Term
Known carcinogens/Chemical agents
Definition
Genotoxic and promotional
Occupational hazards
Natural substances in body (i.e bile acids from high-fat diet)
Food additives
Food contaminants
Term
Known carcinogens/Physical agents
Definition
Radiation (solar and ionizing)
Radon
Term
Neoplasm –
Definition
collection of cells, grows independently from surroundings, has no physiologic purpose
Grow at rate uncoordinated with body’s needs
Share some of parent cell’s properties but altered shape or size
No benefit to host
Term
Benign neoplasms
Definition
Local
Cohesive
Well-defined borders
Pushes other tissues out of the way
Slow growth
Encapsulated
Easily removed
Does not recur
Term
Malignant neoplasms
Definition
Invasive
Noncohesive
Does not stop at tissue border
Invades and destroys surrounding tissue
Rapid growth
Metastasizes to distant sites
Not always easy to remove
Can recur
Term
Malignant neoplasms vary in :
Definition
differentiation from parent tissue
Term
Characteristics of malignant cells
Definition
Loss of regulation of mitotic rate
Loss of cell specialization
Loss of contact inhibition
Progressive acquisition of the cancerous phenotype and immortality
Irreversibility
Altered cell structure: differences in cell nucleus and cytoplasm
Simplified metabolic activity
Transplantability
Ability to promote own survival
Term
Tumor invasion :
Definition
Ability to cause pressure atrophy
Ability to disrupt basement membrane of normal cells
Motility
Response to chemical signals from adjacent tissues
Term
Tumor Metastasis/By way of:
Definition
Blood/lymph
Body cavities
Term
Tumor Metastasis/By way of(blood/lymph)/Three steps :
Definition
Intravasation
Survival in the blood
Extravasation
Term
tumor metastasis/about
Definition
60% follow pattern of blood or lymph circulation
Some target specific organs
Metastatic cells have morphology similar to primary tumor
Do not resemble tissue in which they reside
Term
Metastasis/Most common sites
Definition
Lymph nodes
Liver
Lung
Bones
Brain
Term
tumors/effects/Disruption of function:
Definition
By obstruction or pressure
Term
tumors/effects/Hematologic function:
Definition
Leukemias
Disrupt absorption of B12
Deprives marrow of substances needed to make blood cells
Ectopic production of growth factors (erythropoeitin)
Term
tumors/effects/Infection:
Definition
Fistula between 2 incompatible organs
Necrotic tumors
Disruption of skin
Malignancies of immune-related organs
Term
tumors/effects/hemorrhage:
Definition
Erosion through blood vessels
Term
Anorexia-cachexia syndrome:
Definition
Wasted appearance
Unexplained rapid weight loss
Cancer cells divert nutrition for their own use while decreasing patient’s appetite
Term
tumors/Altered glucose metabolism causing:
Definition
increase in serum glucose
High serum glucose causes anorexia
Tumor secretes factors that decrease appetite by changing taste and smell
Term
A paraneoplastic syndrome is
Definition
a disease or symptom that is the consequence of the presence of cancer in the body, but is not due to the local presence of cancer
Term
tumor grading:
Definition
Grade 1 –
Most differentiated (most like parent tissue)
Least malignant
Better prognosis
Grade 4
Least differentiated
Most aggressively malignant
Term
The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours (TNM) is:
Definition
a cancer staging system that describes the extent of cancer in a patient’s body.

T describes the size of the tumor and whether it has invaded nearby tissue,
N describes regional lymph nodes that are involved,
M describes distant metastasis (spread of cancer from one body part to another).
Term
Cytologic examination/collected by:
Definition
Exfoliation from an epithelial surface
PAP smear
Bronchial washing
Aspiration of fluids from body cavities or blood
White blood cells
Pleural fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid
Needle aspiration of solid tumors
Breast
Prostate
Term
Surgery/Palliative
Definition
Allow function as long as possible
Relieve pain
Provide comfort
Bypass obstructions
Debulking
Term
Surgery/Diagnostic
Definition
Ensures histologic diagnosis and staging
Biopsy
Endoscopy
Laparoscopy
Open surgical exploration
Term
Surgery/Treatment
Definition
Remove entire tumor, surrounding tissue and nodes
Sometimes mutilates body or creates new structures to assume lost function
Colostomy
Destruction of nerves cause loss of normal function
Prostate surgery – loss of sexual function
Removal of lymph nodes can cause lymphedema
Term
Surgery/Reconstructive
Definition
Function
Cosmetic
Term
Chemo/Cell-kill hypothesis
Definition
Chemo kills a set percentage of cells each cell cycle
Each time, # of tumor cells decreases
Finally few enough that immune system can kill them off
Term
Chemotherapy Classified by/Effect of agent on cell:
Definition
Cell-cycle specific
Cell-cycle non-specific
(both effective in rapidly dividing cells)
Term
Chemotherapy Classified by/Pharmacologic properties:
Definition
Alkylating agents
Antimetabolites
Antitumor antibodies
Mitotic inhibitors
Hormones
Hormone antagonists
Miscellaneous agents
Term
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is
Definition
a treatment that uses a drug, called a photosensitizer or photosensitizing agent, and a particular type of light. When photosensitizers are exposed to a specific wavelength of light, they produce a form of oxygen that kills nearby cells
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