Term
| What are the three types of epidemiological studies? |
|
Definition
| Episodic, Retrospective, and Prospective |
|
|
Term
| Properties of an episodic observations study |
|
Definition
| Observation of isolated cases of cancer in relation to a specific environmental factor that provides info suggesting cause and effect |
|
|
Term
| Properties of a retrospective study |
|
Definition
| Done after the fact, and the MOST COMMON, investigates people with a disease, first step in identifying causative factor |
|
|
Term
| Which type of epidemiological study is most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Properties of Prospective study |
|
Definition
| Analyze development of cancer in people with specific social habits, exposures, etc. Expensive, but the best |
|
|
Term
| How to calculate odds ratio |
|
Definition
| Odds ratio = [(disease present + exposed)*(disease absent + not exposed)]/[(disease present + not exposed)*(disease absent + exposed)] |
|
|
Term
| What does an IARC evaluation of 1 mean and what evidence is there of carcinogenicity? |
|
Definition
| Agent is carcinogenic, sufficient human evidence |
|
|
Term
| What does an IARC evaluation of 2A mean and what evidence is there for carcinogenicity? |
|
Definition
| Agent is probably carcinogenic, limited evidence in human, but sufficient evidence in animal |
|
|
Term
| What does an IARC evaluation of 2B mean and what evidence is there of carcinogenicity? |
|
Definition
| Agent is possibly carcinogenic, limited evidence in humans OR inadequate in humans, but sufficient in animal |
|
|
Term
What does an IARC evaluation of 3 mean and what evidence is there of carcinogenicity?
|
|
Definition
| Agent is not classifiable as to carcinogenicity, inadequate evidence in humans, and sufficient in animals but carcinogenic mechanism is not operable in human |
|
|
Term
What does an IARC evaluation of 4 mean and what evidence is there of carcinogenicity?
|
|
Definition
| Agent is probably not carcinogenic, inadequate evidence in both animals and humans |
|
|
Term
| Two categories of carcinogenic factors associated with life-styles |
|
Definition
| Specific chemical agents and Physiological conditions or processes |
|
|
Term
| Examples of carcinogenic factors that are specific chemical agents |
|
Definition
| Alcoholic beverages, and aflatoxins |
|
|
Term
| Examples of carcinogenic factors that are physiologic conditions or processes |
|
Definition
| Dietary intake, salted fish (Chinese style), reproductive history, sexual promiscuity, tobacco smoking, tobacco chewing |
|
|
Term
| What neoplasms are associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages? |
|
Definition
| Esophagus, live, oropharynx, and larynx |
|
|
Term
| What neoplasms are associated with aflatoxins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neoplasms are associated with dietary intake (fat, protein, calories)? |
|
Definition
| Breast, colon, endometrium, gallbladder |
|
|
Term
| What neoplasms are associated with salted fish (Chinese style)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neoplasms are associated with late age at 1st pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neoplasms are associated with zero or low parity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neoplasms are associated with sexual promiscuity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neoplasms are associated with tobacco smoking? |
|
Definition
| Mouth, pharynx, larynx, lung, esophagus, bladder |
|
|
Term
| What neoplasms are associated with tobacco chewing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neoplasm does estrogen replacement without progestin highly increase the risk for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of carcinogen is cigarette smoke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some common industrial carcinogens? |
|
Definition
| Vinyl chloride, 2-Naphthalamine, benzene |
|
|
Term
| What type of cancer does benzene induce? |
|
Definition
| Acute myelogenous leukemia |
|
|
Term
| 100% of 2-Naphthalamine distillers developed what type of neoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transplant patients who receive immunosuppresive drugs are hundreds of times more likely to develop which type of neoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phenacetin is used for pain, but causes development of which type of cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common medicinal carcinogens |
|
Definition
| Estrogens, Steroids, Ionizing radiation, Immunosuppressive drugs, alkylating agents |
|
|
Term
| How does smoking cessation affect risk of death from lung cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are common sources of IR and UV exposure? |
|
Definition
| nuclear medicine, medicinal X-rays, radon gas, cosmic |
|
|
Term
| 4 common radiogenic neoplasms (induced by IR) |
|
Definition
| leukemia (esp. in kids), thyroid carcinoma, breast carcinoma, lung cancer (radon gas exposure) |
|
|
Term
| What type of carcinogen is UV-A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of carcinogen is UV-B?
|
|
Definition
| Initiation agent (causes sunburn) |
|
|
Term
What type of carcinogen is UV-C?
|
|
Definition
| Complete carcinogen (most is absorbed by ozone layer) |
|
|
Term
| Besides UV-C, what is another complete carcinogen caused by UV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of pathologies are Helicobacter pylori associated with and how does this bacteria cause it? |
|
Definition
| Ulcers and gastric (adeno) carcinoma/lymphoma; chronic infection is probably a promoting agent |
|
|
Term
| Which neoplasms is EBV associated with? |
|
Definition
| Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Which neoplasms are associated with the Hepatitis B virus? |
|
Definition
| Hepatocellular carcinoma; relative risk of developing HCC if HepB+ is >100 |
|
|
Term
| What neoplasm is associated with HPV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neoplasms are associated with Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (HHV8)? |
|
Definition
| Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma (red/purple patches on skin/mouth/throat) |
|
|
Term
| Which neoplasm is associated with the Hepatitis C virus and what type of virus is it? |
|
Definition
| Hepatocellular carcinoma; RNA virus |
|
|
Term
| Which neoplasms are associated with AIDS infected individuals? |
|
Definition
| Kaposi's (!!!) non-hodgkins => due to non-existent immune system and acquisition of 2nd infection |
|
|
Term
| What neoplasms are associated with Human T-cell lymphotropoic viruses (HTLV)? What type of virus is HTLV? |
|
Definition
| T-cell leukemia/lymphoma; retrovirus (gag/pol/env) |
|
|
Term
| What does the Warburg theory state? |
|
Definition
| Unique metabolism in tumors; cells undergo glycolysis (fermentation); cancer cells have a higher rate of glycolysis than normal cells (high levels of lactic acid observed); normal cells go through typical cellular respiration (oxygen dependent); not all tumors exhibit this |
|
|
Term
| What does the Convergence Hypothesis state? |
|
Definition
| All neoplasms converge on a common neoplasm (phenotype) |
|
|
Term
| What does the Deletion hypothesis state? |
|
Definition
| Carcinogenesis results from "a permanent alteration or loss of protein essential for the control of growth" |
|
|
Term
| What does the Divergence hypothesis state? |
|
Definition
| All neoplasms are different and have different biochemical makeup |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 major biochemical alterations in neoplasms? |
|
Definition
| DNA methylation, Cell cycle components, micro-RNAs, and telomerases |
|
|
Term
| What are microarrays done for? |
|
Definition
| Look for changes in gene expression between a normal and cancer cell |
|
|
Term
| What evidence did Greenstein use for his convergence hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| Normal tissues had varying enzyme levels while tumor tissues had very similar enzyme levels |
|
|
Term
| What are personalized biomarkers used for? |
|
Definition
| A microarray can also be used to track changes in gene expression in an individual patient; every tumor is different so if you see that a marker is upregulated then you can use this info to guide treatment options and gauge prognosis |
|
|
Term
| What types of genes are typically upregulated in cancer cells? |
|
Definition
| Growth factor receptors, cell cycle regulators, or other oncogenes |
|
|
Term
| What types of genes are usually downregulated in neoplasms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does methylation do to the expression of genes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does hypomethylation have on gene expression, particularly oncogenes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypermethylation can lead to gene silencing, especially in which genes for neoplasms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does methylation usually occur? |
|
Definition
| CpG islands which are repeats of cytosine and guanine in the genome |
|
|
Term
| Where are telomeres located on a chromosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a person gets older, what happens to their telomeres? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is telomere length different in neoplastic cells than normal cells |
|
Definition
| Often telomere length is maintained in neoplastic cells, this correlates with increased expression levels of telomerase |
|
|
Term
| Which gene is the "guardian of the genome"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two things can p53 do and how does it do them? |
|
Definition
| It can inhibit cell proliferation (by transactivation of p21) or it can promote apoptosis (by activation of BAX) |
|
|
Term
| Which genes in the p family inhibit kinases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which tumor is p53 imprinting a major factor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does DNA methylation occur most frequently? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encoded in cells, antisense to mRNA target, results in destruction of mRNA message so protein product is not produced, some cancers associated with specific miRNAs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G1 -> R -> S -> G2 -> M -> G1 |
|
|
Term
| Examples of biochemical changes in transformed cells |
|
Definition
| Increase in glucose uptake, cell agglutination in presence of lectin, changes in cytoskeleton, production of growth factors |
|
|
Term
| 3 main components of cytoskeleton (in order from smallest to largest) |
|
Definition
| Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules |
|
|
Term
| Three types of cellular secretion |
|
Definition
| autocrine, paracrine, endocrine |
|
|
Term
| What were biochemical changes accompanying transformation initially studied with? |
|
Definition
| Chick embryo fibroblasts that have been infected with a transforming virus (Rous sarcoma virus or SV40) |
|
|
Term
| SV40 transformed cells treated with plant lectins (concanavalin A) caused cells to do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did aggregation of SV40 treated cells exposed to plant lectins most likely occur? |
|
Definition
| Changes in surface glycoproteins and lectin receptors |
|
|
Term
| What are microfilaments made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are microtubules made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are intermediate filaments made of? |
|
Definition
| Cell type specific (collagen, keratins) |
|
|
Term
| Examples of growth factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the usual signal transduction cascade look like? |
|
Definition
| GF secreted into extracellular space; bind specific cellular receptors, causing dimerization; dimerization often leads to activation of kinase domain (exception is JAK/STAT pathway); phosphorylation of subsequent cellular proteins leads to changes in gene expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extreme weight loss and body wasting in cancer patients |
|
|
Term
| Common characteristics of patient with Cachexia |
|
Definition
| weight loss, very high energy expenditure, and lose muscle protein |
|
|
Term
| Does a patient with high weight loss have a better or worse prognosis than a patient without the weight loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does cancer cause a patient to lose muscle protein? |
|
Definition
| Neoplasms metabolize glucose to lactate in an inefficient way |
|
|
Term
| Which three factors mediate Cachexia? |
|
Definition
| LMF (lipid mobilizing factor), PIF (proteolysis-inducing factor), and TNF-α => all of which are secreted by neoplasms |
|
|
Term
| How does Lipid Mobilizing factor create a gluconeogenic substrate? |
|
Definition
| releases fatty acids from tissue (degrades fat) |
|
|
Term
How does Proteolysis-inducing factor create a gluconeogenic substrate?
|
|
Definition
| causes muscle degradation |
|
|
Term
How does Tumor Necrosis factor-alpha create a gluconeogenic substrate?
|
|
Definition
| inflammatory cytokine, stimulates catabolism |
|
|
Term
| What are two important regulators involved in hypercalcemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does energy expenditure differ between starvation and cachexia? Skeletal muscle? Liver? |
|
Definition
| In starvation energy expenditure goes down, which in cachexia it goes up; in starvation there is no change in skeletal muscle, while in cachexia it goes down; in starvation the liver atrophies, while in cachexia it increases in size |
|
|
Term
| Is high blood Ca2+ a good or bad prognosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two different actions of TNF-α? |
|
Definition
activates TNFR1 (apoptosis)
activates TNFR2 (NF-κB activation)
also involved in invasion |
|
|
Term
| How is sensitivity calculated? |
|
Definition
| True positive/ (True positive + False negative) |
|
|
Term
| How is specificity calculated? |
|
Definition
| True negatives / (true negatives + False positives) |
|
|
Term
| What does a high sensitivity detect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a high specificity detect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a common biomarker? |
|
Definition
| Serum AFP (low in normal, high in cancer) |
|
|
Term
| Why is PSA not a great biomarker for prostate cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In order for hormones produced by the host to influence the neoplasm, the neoplasm must express what? |
|
Definition
| Receptors for that hormone |
|
|
Term
| Properties of dependent stage neoplasm |
|
Definition
| Preneoplastic lesion arising from a spontaneously initiated cell is still completely dependent on promoting agent |
|
|
Term
| Properties of Responsive stage neoplasm |
|
Definition
| Has a cellular population that can survive in the absence of hormone but grows relatively slowly in the stage of progression |
|
|
Term
| Properties of an Autonomous stage neoplasm |
|
Definition
| Malignant neoplasm in the stage of progression |
|
|
Term
| What fraction of breast cancers depend on estrogens for their growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are SERMs and which hormone did they have similar effects to? |
|
Definition
| Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; estrogen |
|
|
Term
| What are the Anatomic prognostic factors of early stage breast cancer? |
|
Definition
| Size of tumor; lymph node involvement (most powerful prognostic factor) |
|
|
Term
| What are the histologic prognostic factors for early stage breast cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the molecular prognostic factors for early stage breast cancers |
|
Definition
| Estrogen receptor/Progesterone receptor; HER2/neu; 21-gene recurrence score |
|
|
Term
| If a patient lacks both estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors, is their odds response high or low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If a patient has both estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors, is their odds response high or low?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Tamoxifen and Toremifene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A steroidal aromatase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| What are anastrozole and letrozole? |
|
Definition
| Non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| What do beta cells in Islets of Langerhans produce? What percentage of cells in Islets of Langerhans are beta cells? |
|
Definition
| Insulin and amylin (65-80%) |
|
|
Term
What do alpha cells in Islets of Langerhans produce? What percentage of cells in Islets of Langerhans are alpha cells?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What do delta cells in Islets of Langerhans produce? What percentage of cells in Islets of Langerhans are delta cells?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes ectopic hormone production by neoplasms? |
|
Definition
| Evolving karyoptypic instability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activation-induced deaminase |
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways for normal self antigens to become tumor antigens? |
|
Definition
Mutant epitope expressed (not recognized as self)
Too much epitope expressed (due to gene amplifications or overexpression)
Epitope is modified (i.e. glycosylated = masking) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MAGE-1, MAGE-3, BAGE, GAGE, bcr-abl |
|
|
Term
| Why are oncofetal antigens expressed on tumors? |
|
Definition
| Evolving karyotypic instability |
|
|
Term
| What are the two ways in which the immune system responds to cancer cells? |
|
Definition
By reacting against TSAs (molecules that are unique to cancer cells-> mutations of cellular genes, viral antigens, overexpression, modification)
By reacting against tumor-associated antigens (molecules that are expressed differently by cancer cells and normal cells) |
|
|
Term
| 7 Ways in which neoplasms evade host immune response |
|
Definition
Expression of HLA-G
Defects in antigen processing
T-cell deletion
Modulation
Masking
Immunosuppression
Sneaking Through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for downregulated MHC? |
|
Definition
| IFN-γ, upregulates MHC expression |
|
|
Term
| Three major types of defects in antigen processing molecules |
|
Definition
1. antigen is not expressed-> B2M loss (total loss of MHC)
2. antigen is not generated-> proteosome
3. antigen is not transported-> TAP |
|
|
Term
| What is the hallmark of invasive cancers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two ways tumors cause clonal deletion of T-cells |
|
Definition
| Superantigens and expression of fas ligand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "hiding" of the antigen from antibodies that then don't destroy the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocking factors in the serum of patients coat the surface of tumor cells
Glycosylated molecules that are produced at high levels in tumor cells can surround the tumor antigen so that it is inaccessible to the immune system
|
|
|
Term
| Which cytokines do neoplasms secrete that serve to act as immunosuppressors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the optimum number of cells for "sneaking through"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does "sneaking through" work? |
|
Definition
| Tumor cells stimulate T-suppressor cells via cytokines and growth factors |
|
|
Term
| Which chemical is used to prevent "sneaking through"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is UV radiation immunosuppressive? |
|
Definition
It kills dendritic and Langerhan cells-> no adaptive immune response
Also T-suppressor cells are not killed by UVR |
|
|
Term
| Why are there breaks in between rounds of chemo? |
|
Definition
| Drug scheduling allows time for normal dividing cells to recover from toxicity |
|
|
Term
| What must a chemotherapeutic drug do in order to be useful? |
|
Definition
| Kill more neoplastic cells than normal cells |
|
|
Term
| What does the therapeutic index equal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a higher or lower therapeutic index desirable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does chemotherapeutic resistance developed? |
|
Definition
Karyotypic instability:
-mutations
-chromosomal abnormalities
-gene amplification
-alternative metabolic pathways |
|
|
Term
What class is Bevacizumab and what is its target?
How does this affect the neoplasm? |
|
Definition
| Monoclonal antibody protein kinase inhibitor; VEGFR; prevents angiogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What class of drug is BIBW 2993 and what is its target? How does this affect the neoplasm? |
|
Definition
| Small molecule protein kinase inhibitor; EGFR and HER2/neu; blocks growth of neoplasm |
|
|
Term
What class of drug is Cetuximab and what is its target? How does this affect the neoplasm?
|
|
Definition
| Monoclonal antibody protein kinase inhibitor; ERbB1; blocks growth of neoplasm |
|
|
Term
What class of drug is Imatinib and what is its target? How does this affect the neoplasm?
|
|
Definition
| Small molecule protein kinase inhibitor; Bcr-abl; prevents growth of neoplasm |
|
|
Term
What class of drug is Trastuzaumab and what is its target? How does this affect the neoplasm?
|
|
Definition
| Monoclonal antibody; HER2/neu; blocks growth of neoplasm |
|
|
Term
What class of drug is Gefitinib and what is its target? How does this affect the neoplasm?
|
|
Definition
| Small molecule protein kinase inhibitor; EGFR, blocks growth of neoplasm |
|
|
Term
What class of drug is Ranibizumab and what is its target? How does this affect the neoplasm?
|
|
Definition
| Monoclonal antibody protein kinase inhibitor; VEGFR; blocks angiogenesis |
|
|
Term
What class of drug is Erlotinib and what is its target? How does this affect the neoplasm?
|
|
Definition
| Small molecule protein kinase inhibitor; ErbB1; blocks growth of neoplasm |
|
|
Term
| What are protein kinase inhibitors designed to inhibit? |
|
Definition
| A specific receptor (or downstream player) to block the overactive growth factor signaling pathway |
|
|
Term
| How does radiation therapy often work? |
|
Definition
| Disrupting DNA; ionizing radiation creates free radicals which lead to "mitotic death," which means that the cells cannot divide; can also lead to apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell cycle is radiation therapy most effective? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consequences for a cell due to radiation damage (3) |
|
Definition
Repair-> viable cell
Misrepair-> mutation -> cancer or cell death
Not repaired ->cell death |
|
|
Term
| Is repair from ionizing radiation more or less efficient in cancer cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which types of cancers are especially prevalent in children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would you know if your child had cancer? |
|
Definition
Feel lump
Tumors can secrete things that cause symptoms (ie hormones)
Organ function can be disrupted |
|
|
Term
| Is radiation or chemo preferred for cancers that have metastasized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is radiation or chemo preferred for localized cancers?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are patients who are in bed >50% of day not often treated with chemo? |
|
Definition
| normal cells are not able to recover between rounds of chemo |
|
|
Term
| Two possibilities for tumor resistance to treatment |
|
Definition
1. Evolving karyotypic instability causes resistance
2. Core population of resistant cells that regrow into a new tumor after the non-resistant cells have been killed off |
|
|
Term
| What do antimetabolites target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do alkylating agents target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do intercalating agents target? |
|
Definition
| DNA transcription and duplication |
|
|
Term
| What do spindle poisons target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common effects of chemotherapy toxicity |
|
Definition
Myelosuppresion of all bone marrow products: WBCs, RBCs, and platelets
GI: diarrhea, taste alteration, anorexia
Alopecia (loss of hair)
Neuropathy
Fatigue
Nausea, vomiting |
|
|
Term
| What does Sunitinib block? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which specific gene does smoking cause mutations in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Properties of the Ames test |
|
Definition
Utilizes bacterial cells that are deficient in DNA repair and dependent on histidine for growth
If you incubate cells with a mutagenic compound, you would expect a mutation would occur that would allow them to make their own histidine
|
|
|
Term
| Why are liver microsomes added to Ames test medium? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria differ in their metabolic capabilities compared to mammals, and we want the drug-metabolizing ability of the bacteria to be comparable to human metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What do the Ames test and the lacZ test test for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the next step if the Ames test comes up negative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lactose (sugar) is the inducer for the lac operon. Its presence results in the removal of a repressor so enzymes can be made to cleave lactose into glucose and galactose for the cell to use for energy (IPTG can also remove the repressor for the same end result) |
|
|
Term
| If the lacI gene has been mutated, what will happen? |
|
Definition
| It will not prevent the transcription of the lacZ gene, and b-gal will be constitutively transcribed and translated (even in absence of lactose or IPTG) |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the lacO gene is mutated? |
|
Definition
| The repressor won't recognize it, and you'll get constitutive operon expression in this case |
|
|
Term
| After a positive Ames test and Lac Operon E. coli test, what is next? |
|
Definition
| Transgenic mouse experiment |
|
|
Term
| Properties of transgenic mouse experiment |
|
Definition
*Transgenic mouse has lac operon integrated into its DNA
*Expose mouse to carcinogen, allow mouse to replicate DNA, then extract the DNA from the mouse's tissues
*You then package your DNA into a virus that is only capable of infecting bacteria (phage virus)
*Plate bacteria on selective media to determine if DNA has been mutated |
|
|
Term
| What does the selective media for the transgenic mouse experiment contain? |
|
Definition
| x-gal which can be cleaved by β-galactosidase; when teh compound is cleaved, the colony turns blue |
|
|
Term
| If the selective media for the transgenic mouse experiment turns blue, what does this mean? |
|
Definition
| The lac operon is not repressed (mutagenesis occurred) |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for strand breaks? |
|
Definition
| Stain DNA, apply carcinogen, and then look at chromosomes and look for peculiarities |
|
|
Term
| What carcinogenesis model are federal regulations based on and what is the problem with this model? |
|
Definition
| MKV multihit model of carcinogenesis, problem is in the model all stages are irreversible |
|
|
Term
| Properties of transformation of cells in culture |
|
Definition
-Digested hamster embryos into little bits (essentially single layer cells) and dispersed the cells onto "feeder layers" of cells (i.e. cells whose growth has been arrested by irradiation or chemical means)
-The hamster embryo cells attached and began to grow
-Cells were then exposed to carcinogen (chemicals added to the culture media or direct irradiation)
-cells were allowed to grow, then examined under the microscope
-morphological changes were observed |
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Term
| Main characteristics of neoplastic transformation in vivo |
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Definition
inoculation of 10^6 or fewer cells in vivo gives tumors
growth in soft agar
agglutination by lectins
alterations in cytoskeleton
karyotypic changes |
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Term
| Which agents usually inhibit cell communication through gap junctions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect allows cells to "talk" to each other? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Neoplastic cells close off gap junctions with normal cells but secrete substances to communicate with normal cells and tell them to grow |
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Term
| What do Adenoma of the islet cells in the pancreas do? |
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Definition
| Stimulates insulin production, leading to insulin shock and death |
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Term
| How can lung tumors cause Cushing's Syndrome? |
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Definition
| lung tumors secrete ATCH which leads to overproduction of cortisol which leads to Cushing's syndrome |
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Term
| Example of non-hormonal paraneoplastic syndrome |
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Definition
| multiple myeloma of the B-cells can lead to an overproduction of antibodies to various organs -> renal failure; autoimmunity |
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Term
| What are stromal reactions? |
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Definition
| Metastases can stimulate the production of fibrous tissue |
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Term
| What is the maximum size a tumor can grow without angiogenesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does angiogenesis occur in neoplasms? |
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Definition
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Term
| active modes of cancer prevention:definition and examples |
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Definition
| being proactive in preventing cancer; eg vaccination against oncogenic viruses, dietary modifications, antihormones |
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Term
| passive means of preventing cancer: definition and examples |
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Definition
| changing lifestyle to prevent cancer, eg smoking cessation, alcohol and sex habits |
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