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OMIC
OMIC Exam 2
90
Science
Graduate
05/01/2012

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Term
Candida genus is a dimorphic organism that exists in two life forms: _____ and _____
Definition
Yeast and Hyphal
Term
Candida reproduce via
Definition
Asexual budding
Term
Candida species do not compete well in the presence of other bacteria. Candida tend to thrive in the oral cavity when broad-spectrum antibiotics (those targeted at bacteria) are administered to the patient. This population bloom of a microorganism is termed
Definition
Microbial overgrowth
Term
What are some of the environmental characteristics of Candida growth?
Definition
- Lack of bacterial competitors
- pH range of 2-9
-pH range 5-6 is optimal
Term
T/F. C. tropicalis is the principle species associated with human oral fungal diseases.
Definition
False. C. Albicans is.
Term
Which species of Candida is unique to immunosuppressed individuals (HIV, AIDS and cancer patients)?
Definition
C. dubliniensis
Term
Which Candida species is problematic for elderly patients, denture wearers and patients with salivary hypofunction?
Definition
C. glabrata
Term
What are the three primary habitats for Candida?
Definition
Mucous membrane of the gut, oral cavity, and genitalia
Term
Acute pseudomembraneous is also termed _____
Definition
thrush
Term
What is the difference between acute pseudomembraneous and acute erythematou candidiasis?
Definition
Acute erythematous doesn't have the pseudomembrane layer that acute pseudomembraneous often presents
Term
Chronic superficial candidiasis is also called: four other names
Definition
- chronic plaque-like
- nodular
-chronic hyperplastic candidiasis
-candida leukoplakia
Term
Three other names that are synonymous with Chronic erythematous candidiasis.
Definition
- chronic atrophic
- denture sore mouth
- denture-induced stomatitis
Term
T/F. The most common cause of bacterial entry into the pupl is dental caries.

What is the second most common cause?
Definition
True.

Operative trauma (which includes pulp exposure, pressure, and heat during cavity preparation)is the second most common cause of bacterial invasion.
Term
Rodent experiments of root canal infections demonstrated three important findings:
Definition
1. bacteria is required for root canal infection
2. Sterile necrotic debris from non-vital pulp could not induce inflammation
3. mixed infections are more pathogenic than singular infections.
Term
T/F. Obligate anaerobes are the most dominant group of species found in necrotic root canals.
Definition
True
Term
T/F. Facultative species are dominant in necrotic root canals.
Definition
False. Facultative species in the canal indicates a recent infection. Obligate anaerobes are the most dominantly recovered species in necrotic root canals.
Term
(Small-, mid-, or large-) sized root canals are subject to pain from pulpitis.
Definition
Mid-sized are more subject to pain.

Large root canals can dissipate pressure (from inflammation or gas produced by bacteria), and smaller root canals can quickly become non-vital.
Term
________ is released from ______ and ______ and serotonin released by platelets can directly stimulate pain sensors.
Definition
Histamine from basophils and neutrophils.
Term
Which two bacteria are most commonly associated with endodontic pain?
Definition
Black-pigmented bacteria and Peptostreptococci (usually Peptostreptococcus micros)
Term
What percent of root canals remain positive for bacterial presence after operative endodontic procedures?
Definition
40-60%
Term
Success in endodontic procedure is correlated with the level of _____
Definition
disinfection.
Term
The most commonly used endodontic disinfectant is
Definition
2.6-5.25% NaOCl
Term
Inter-appointment medications are recommended to decrease the population of residual post-operative bacteria. What is a commonly used medicament used for this purpose?
Definition
Alkaline CaOH
Term
Inter-appointment medications are recommended to decrease the population of residual post-operative bacteria. CaOH is used for this purpose. Which microorganisms are resistant to CaOH?
Definition
E. faecalis and C. albicans
Term
What is the predominant bacteria found in failed endodontic infections?
Definition
Gram positive facultative species like Enterococcus faecalis (Ef).
Term
Root canal infections of which teeth are the usual cause of Ludwig's angina?
Definition
Second and third mandibular molars
Term
Linear gingival erythema is found in what type of patients?
Definition
HIV patients
Term
Angular chelitis in the absence of dentures may be due to
Definition
Folic acid deficiency
Term
Candida associated angular chelitis is also called:
Definition
- Perleche
- Chelosis
- Angular stomatitis
Term
Candida become invasive in which physical form?
Definition
Hyphal form-- this is the long, filamentous structure of Candida.
Term
Which species of Candida are mostly found in systemic fungal infection?
Definition
C.glabrata, C. krusei, and C. dubliniensis
Term
What secreted enzyme allows the Candida to become invasive?
Definition
Secretory Aspartic Proteinases (SAP)
Term
Nystatin and Amphotericin B are what types of anti-fungal drugs?
Definition
Polyenes
Term
Fluconazole is what type of antifunal drug?
Definition
Azole
Term
Which anti-fungal drug can surpass the blood brain barrier?
Definition
Nucleoside analog (5-flurocytosine)
Term
This anti-fungal drug acts by inhibiting the glucan synthesis in the cell wall of Candida cells.
Definition
Caspofungin
Term
These anti-fungal drugs act by preventing the biosynthesis of ergosterols.
Definition
Azoles.
Term
These two species of Candida are becoming increasingly resistant to Azole drugs.
Definition
C.glabrata and C. krusei.
Term
This refers to the ability of a drug to adhere well to oral surfaces.
Definition
Substantivity.
Term
MS possess which two cell surface proteins that interact with the tooth pellicle?
Definition
SpaP or AgI/II adhesins
Term
Phenothiazines are a type of
Definition
Photosensitizer
Term
Which antimicrobial agent eliminates pathogenic disease while preserving the benefits of the biofilm?
Definition
Xylitol
Term
Essential oils are active ingredints in which type of sub-MIC agents?
Definition
Listerine antiseptic
Term
This is a weak, broad-spectrum agent that adsorbs to oral surfaces and can disrupt glycolysis of streptococci and inhibit protease of Pg.
Definition
Triclosan
Term
This is a weak, broad-spectrum agent that adsorbs to oral surfaces and can disrupt glycolysis of streptococci and inhibit protease of Pg.
Definition
Triclosan
Term
This is a sub-MIC agent employed mainly in dentrifices.
Definition
Sodium Laruyl Sulfate
Term
What is Periostat and how does it work?
Definition
Low dose Doxycycline that inhibits matrix metalloproteinases released from host cells during inflammation.
Term
Diabetes, uremia, and liver cirrhosis can cause the breath to smell. This is classified as
Definition
Halistosis of pathogenic origin. Compounds produced in these conditions are produced systemically and exhaled in lung air.
Term
Sulfide monitors detect which compounds in breath?
Definition
H2S and CH3SH
Term
T/F. Organoleptic or hedonic measurements provides a good quantitative assessment of odor.
Definition
F. The method is based on human olfactory perception. It is semi-quantitative
Term
In a study of pre-school children who presented with bad breath, odor-positive children harbored much larger quantities of which bacteria
Definition
Prevotella oralis
Term
Putrefaction and odorigenesis require what type of environment and what kind of bacteria?
Definition
Anaerobic and alkaline environment with anaerobic bacteria (gram-negative).
Term
These anaerobic bacteria formed the most H2S
Definition
Pi, Pe, Pg, and Pe
Term
These anaerobic bacteria form the most methyl mercaptan.
Definition
Pg and Pe
Term
Gas chromatography revealed that these three compounds are responsible for odor in the mouth.
Definition
Volatile sulfur compounds, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Methyl Mercaptan
Term
A condition in which one has the perception that malodor is present when none exists.
Definition
Delusional Halitosis
Term
This method of malodor assessment involves judging exhaled breath by a human evaluator.
Definition
Organoleptic or Hedonic measurements
Term
This method of odor assessment is the most accurate and scientifically useful technique in malodor research.
Definition
Gas chromatography or exhaled breath.
Term
When saliva is centrifuged, which layer or the sample is responsible for almost all the odor.
Definition
Sediment fraction
Term
Newborns present acute pseudomembraneous because
Definition
There is a paucity of competitive microflora. Candida do not thrive well in the presence of competition.
Term
T/F. Steroid administration is a pre-disposing factor for oral candidiasis.
Definition
True. Steroids act as nutrients for candida.
Term
Monilia infections
Definition
Vaginal yeast infections in mother. This infection can affect the oral cavity of young toddlers and infants.
Term
This type of candidiasis that is typified by plaques and nodules on the epithelium which cannot be removed.
Definition
Chronic superficial candidiasis
Term
Where do candida leukoplakias usually occur?
Definition
Inside surface of one or both cheeks at the comissural areas and sometimes on the lateral surfaces of the tongue
Term
Hyphal forms of candida initially attach to _______ and ________ on damaged tissue
Definition
Fibronectin and laminin
Term
T/F. Cepaholosporins are commonly prescribed to treat fungal infections caused by Candida.
Definition
False. Cephalosporin is an anti-bacterial agent that inhibits the growth of certain bacteria.
Term
Gentian violet
Definition
Used as a preventive agent for recurrent fungal disease or as an inexpensive substitute for the disease management. Especially in HIV patients in resource-poor countries.
Term
What are the four criteria for an ideal chemotherapeutic plaque control agent?
Definition
1. Substantivity
2. Plaque penetration
3. Long-term use
4. Low risk to patient
Term
Name limitations to using local strong anti-microbials
Definition
1. development of resistant strains or overgrowths
2. side-effects
3. disruption of beneficial attributes of biofilms
Term
T/F. Preservation of alkali- or hydrogen peroxide-forming bacteria is a benefit of biofilm.
Definition
True.
Term
T/F. Specific killing of the pathogens is a common method of eradicating oral pathogens.
Definition
False. There are only a few agents that have the ability to only affect pathogens without harming the non-pathogenic residents. Xylitol is such an example.
Term
Restriction of dietary sucrose is an example of which type of plaque control strategy?
Definition
Ecological approach.
Term
T/F. Vaccines for oral pathogens are frequently used to manage plaque.
Definition
False.
Term
T/F. Vaccines for oral pathogens are frequently used to manage plaque.
Definition
False.
Term
This type of anti-fungal drug is a cyclic macrolide lactone
Definition
Polyene
Term
This anti-fungal drug binds to ergosterol in the cell membrane of the fungus, thereby forming large pores which allow the leakage of vital cell constituents
Definition
Polyene.
Term
This type of anti-fungal drug is gradually losing it's potency due to drug resistance by the fungal organism.
Definition
Azole
Term
What is the drug of choice in treating oro-pharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients and those with denture stomatitis?
Definition
Fluconazole
Term
Caspofungin is administered via...
Definition
IV
Term
The yeast form of Candida stain
Definition
Gram-positive (purple)
Term
Synonymous term for yeast phase
Definition
blastospore, blastoconidia
Term
________ mark the onset of hyphal growth and are incriminated in the pathogenesis of candidiasis.
Definition
Germ tubes
Term
C. dubliniensis has pathological significance in that it rapidly develops resistance to which anti-fungal drug?
Definition
Fluconazole
Term
This species of Candida are aggressive colonizers of acrylic appliances and tend to out-proliferate C. albicans.
Definition
C. glabrata
Term
These two conditions represent early clinical signs of HIV infections.
Definition
Thrush, and deep cutaneous candidiasis
Term
T/F. Candida posses exo-toxins, but not endotoxins.
Definition
False. Candida contain neither toxins.
Term
What is the highest predisposing risk factor for systemic/disseminated infections of Candida?
Definition
Hemodialysis
Term
What is the most effective host defense against infections of Candida?
Definition
Phagocytosis by PMN
Term
Candida secrete this protein that often triggers immune responses and confuses the host immune system.
Definition
Extracellular Manno-protein
Term
T/F. Fungi contain peptidoglycan in its cell wall.
Definition
False. Bacteria contain peptidoglycan
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