Term
| Candida genus is a dimorphic organism that exists in two life forms: _____ and _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Candida species do not compete well in the presence of other bacteria. Candida tend to thrive in the oral cavity when broad-spectrum antibiotics (those targeted at bacteria) are administered to the patient. This population bloom of a microorganism is termed |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the environmental characteristics of Candida growth? |
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Definition
- Lack of bacterial competitors
- pH range of 2-9
-pH range 5-6 is optimal |
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Term
| T/F. C. tropicalis is the principle species associated with human oral fungal diseases. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which species of Candida is unique to immunosuppressed individuals (HIV, AIDS and cancer patients)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Candida species is problematic for elderly patients, denture wearers and patients with salivary hypofunction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three primary habitats for Candida? |
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Definition
| Mucous membrane of the gut, oral cavity, and genitalia |
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Term
| Acute pseudomembraneous is also termed _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between acute pseudomembraneous and acute erythematou candidiasis? |
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Definition
| Acute erythematous doesn't have the pseudomembrane layer that acute pseudomembraneous often presents |
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Term
| Chronic superficial candidiasis is also called: four other names |
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Definition
- chronic plaque-like
- nodular
-chronic hyperplastic candidiasis
-candida leukoplakia |
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Term
| Three other names that are synonymous with Chronic erythematous candidiasis. |
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Definition
- chronic atrophic
- denture sore mouth
- denture-induced stomatitis |
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Term
T/F. The most common cause of bacterial entry into the pupl is dental caries.
What is the second most common cause? |
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Definition
True.
Operative trauma (which includes pulp exposure, pressure, and heat during cavity preparation)is the second most common cause of bacterial invasion. |
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Term
| Rodent experiments of root canal infections demonstrated three important findings: |
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Definition
1. bacteria is required for root canal infection
2. Sterile necrotic debris from non-vital pulp could not induce inflammation
3. mixed infections are more pathogenic than singular infections. |
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Term
| T/F. Obligate anaerobes are the most dominant group of species found in necrotic root canals. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. Facultative species are dominant in necrotic root canals. |
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Definition
| False. Facultative species in the canal indicates a recent infection. Obligate anaerobes are the most dominantly recovered species in necrotic root canals. |
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Term
| (Small-, mid-, or large-) sized root canals are subject to pain from pulpitis. |
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Definition
Mid-sized are more subject to pain.
Large root canals can dissipate pressure (from inflammation or gas produced by bacteria), and smaller root canals can quickly become non-vital. |
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Term
| ________ is released from ______ and ______ and serotonin released by platelets can directly stimulate pain sensors. |
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Definition
| Histamine from basophils and neutrophils. |
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Term
| Which two bacteria are most commonly associated with endodontic pain? |
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Definition
| Black-pigmented bacteria and Peptostreptococci (usually Peptostreptococcus micros) |
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Term
| What percent of root canals remain positive for bacterial presence after operative endodontic procedures? |
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Definition
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Term
| Success in endodontic procedure is correlated with the level of _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The most commonly used endodontic disinfectant is |
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Definition
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Term
| Inter-appointment medications are recommended to decrease the population of residual post-operative bacteria. What is a commonly used medicament used for this purpose? |
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Definition
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Term
| Inter-appointment medications are recommended to decrease the population of residual post-operative bacteria. CaOH is used for this purpose. Which microorganisms are resistant to CaOH? |
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Definition
| E. faecalis and C. albicans |
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Term
| What is the predominant bacteria found in failed endodontic infections? |
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Definition
| Gram positive facultative species like Enterococcus faecalis (Ef). |
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Term
| Root canal infections of which teeth are the usual cause of Ludwig's angina? |
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Definition
| Second and third mandibular molars |
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Term
| Linear gingival erythema is found in what type of patients? |
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Definition
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Term
| Angular chelitis in the absence of dentures may be due to |
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Definition
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Term
| Candida associated angular chelitis is also called: |
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Definition
- Perleche
- Chelosis
- Angular stomatitis |
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Term
| Candida become invasive in which physical form? |
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Definition
| Hyphal form-- this is the long, filamentous structure of Candida. |
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Term
| Which species of Candida are mostly found in systemic fungal infection? |
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Definition
| C.glabrata, C. krusei, and C. dubliniensis |
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Term
| What secreted enzyme allows the Candida to become invasive? |
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Definition
| Secretory Aspartic Proteinases (SAP) |
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Term
| Nystatin and Amphotericin B are what types of anti-fungal drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluconazole is what type of antifunal drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which anti-fungal drug can surpass the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
| Nucleoside analog (5-flurocytosine) |
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Term
| This anti-fungal drug acts by inhibiting the glucan synthesis in the cell wall of Candida cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| These anti-fungal drugs act by preventing the biosynthesis of ergosterols. |
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Definition
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Term
| These two species of Candida are becoming increasingly resistant to Azole drugs. |
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Definition
| C.glabrata and C. krusei. |
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Term
| This refers to the ability of a drug to adhere well to oral surfaces. |
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Definition
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Term
| MS possess which two cell surface proteins that interact with the tooth pellicle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Phenothiazines are a type of |
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Definition
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Term
| Which antimicrobial agent eliminates pathogenic disease while preserving the benefits of the biofilm? |
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Definition
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Term
| Essential oils are active ingredints in which type of sub-MIC agents? |
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Definition
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Term
| This is a weak, broad-spectrum agent that adsorbs to oral surfaces and can disrupt glycolysis of streptococci and inhibit protease of Pg. |
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Definition
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Term
| This is a weak, broad-spectrum agent that adsorbs to oral surfaces and can disrupt glycolysis of streptococci and inhibit protease of Pg. |
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Definition
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Term
| This is a sub-MIC agent employed mainly in dentrifices. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Periostat and how does it work? |
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Definition
| Low dose Doxycycline that inhibits matrix metalloproteinases released from host cells during inflammation. |
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Term
| Diabetes, uremia, and liver cirrhosis can cause the breath to smell. This is classified as |
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Definition
| Halistosis of pathogenic origin. Compounds produced in these conditions are produced systemically and exhaled in lung air. |
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Term
| Sulfide monitors detect which compounds in breath? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. Organoleptic or hedonic measurements provides a good quantitative assessment of odor. |
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Definition
| F. The method is based on human olfactory perception. It is semi-quantitative |
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Term
| In a study of pre-school children who presented with bad breath, odor-positive children harbored much larger quantities of which bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| Putrefaction and odorigenesis require what type of environment and what kind of bacteria? |
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Definition
| Anaerobic and alkaline environment with anaerobic bacteria (gram-negative). |
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Term
| These anaerobic bacteria formed the most H2S |
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Definition
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Term
| These anaerobic bacteria form the most methyl mercaptan. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gas chromatography revealed that these three compounds are responsible for odor in the mouth. |
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Definition
| Volatile sulfur compounds, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Methyl Mercaptan |
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Term
| A condition in which one has the perception that malodor is present when none exists. |
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Definition
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Term
| This method of malodor assessment involves judging exhaled breath by a human evaluator. |
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Definition
| Organoleptic or Hedonic measurements |
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Term
| This method of odor assessment is the most accurate and scientifically useful technique in malodor research. |
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Definition
| Gas chromatography or exhaled breath. |
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Term
| When saliva is centrifuged, which layer or the sample is responsible for almost all the odor. |
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Definition
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Term
| Newborns present acute pseudomembraneous because |
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Definition
| There is a paucity of competitive microflora. Candida do not thrive well in the presence of competition. |
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Term
| T/F. Steroid administration is a pre-disposing factor for oral candidiasis. |
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Definition
| True. Steroids act as nutrients for candida. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vaginal yeast infections in mother. This infection can affect the oral cavity of young toddlers and infants. |
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Term
| This type of candidiasis that is typified by plaques and nodules on the epithelium which cannot be removed. |
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Definition
| Chronic superficial candidiasis |
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Term
| Where do candida leukoplakias usually occur? |
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Definition
| Inside surface of one or both cheeks at the comissural areas and sometimes on the lateral surfaces of the tongue |
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Term
| Hyphal forms of candida initially attach to _______ and ________ on damaged tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. Cepaholosporins are commonly prescribed to treat fungal infections caused by Candida. |
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Definition
| False. Cephalosporin is an anti-bacterial agent that inhibits the growth of certain bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used as a preventive agent for recurrent fungal disease or as an inexpensive substitute for the disease management. Especially in HIV patients in resource-poor countries. |
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Term
| What are the four criteria for an ideal chemotherapeutic plaque control agent? |
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Definition
1. Substantivity
2. Plaque penetration
3. Long-term use
4. Low risk to patient |
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Term
| Name limitations to using local strong anti-microbials |
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Definition
1. development of resistant strains or overgrowths
2. side-effects
3. disruption of beneficial attributes of biofilms |
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Term
| T/F. Preservation of alkali- or hydrogen peroxide-forming bacteria is a benefit of biofilm. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. Specific killing of the pathogens is a common method of eradicating oral pathogens. |
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Definition
| False. There are only a few agents that have the ability to only affect pathogens without harming the non-pathogenic residents. Xylitol is such an example. |
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Term
| Restriction of dietary sucrose is an example of which type of plaque control strategy? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. Vaccines for oral pathogens are frequently used to manage plaque. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. Vaccines for oral pathogens are frequently used to manage plaque. |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of anti-fungal drug is a cyclic macrolide lactone |
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Definition
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Term
| This anti-fungal drug binds to ergosterol in the cell membrane of the fungus, thereby forming large pores which allow the leakage of vital cell constituents |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of anti-fungal drug is gradually losing it's potency due to drug resistance by the fungal organism. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the drug of choice in treating oro-pharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients and those with denture stomatitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Caspofungin is administered via... |
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Definition
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Term
| The yeast form of Candida stain |
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Definition
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Term
| Synonymous term for yeast phase |
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Definition
| blastospore, blastoconidia |
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Term
| ________ mark the onset of hyphal growth and are incriminated in the pathogenesis of candidiasis. |
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Definition
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Term
| C. dubliniensis has pathological significance in that it rapidly develops resistance to which anti-fungal drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| This species of Candida are aggressive colonizers of acrylic appliances and tend to out-proliferate C. albicans. |
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Definition
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Term
| These two conditions represent early clinical signs of HIV infections. |
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Definition
| Thrush, and deep cutaneous candidiasis |
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Term
| T/F. Candida posses exo-toxins, but not endotoxins. |
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Definition
| False. Candida contain neither toxins. |
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Term
| What is the highest predisposing risk factor for systemic/disseminated infections of Candida? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most effective host defense against infections of Candida? |
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Definition
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Term
| Candida secrete this protein that often triggers immune responses and confuses the host immune system. |
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Definition
| Extracellular Manno-protein |
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Term
| T/F. Fungi contain peptidoglycan in its cell wall. |
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Definition
| False. Bacteria contain peptidoglycan |
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