Term
| True or False? The majority of old people (age 65+) are senile (have defective memory, are disoriented, or psychologically challenged) |
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Definition
| False. Only about 10% of people over 65 have dementia or severe mental illness, however the % increases to 40-50% after age 85; furthermore your text estimates that over 80% of those in nursing homes have dementia. |
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Term
| What % of OA live in long term stay institutions? like nursing homes.. |
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Definition
| Only 5% live in long term stay institutions. Another 10% would also live in long term care, but they are getting the care they need at home. Over the course of one’s lifetime, however, from 40% spend some time in a skilled nursing facility, even if it is only 2 weeks after knee surgery or for several months of hospice care at life’s end. |
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Term
| Do OA get in more car accidents then middle aged adults? |
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Definition
| No, Older drivers have about the same accident rate as middle aged drivers, but a lower accident rate than drivers under 30. Keep in mind, however, that older drivers drive fewer miles than other drivers. |
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Term
| Are older workers less effective then younger workers? |
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Definition
| No, Although there are declines in reaction speed among older workers, studies of employed elders generally show they perform as well as or better than younger people on most measures. Consistency of output tends to increase with age, and older workers have less job turnover, fewer accidents, less absenteeism and tardiness than other workers. |
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Term
| How many OA are able to carry out their ADLs without any help? |
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Definition
| Over 85% of elders are able to take care of their own activities of daily living (eating, bathing, dressing, etc.) However, many need help with getting groceries, getting to the doctor, paying the bills, etc., especially after 85. |
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Term
| Is it true that OA are unable to adapt to change? |
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Definition
| No, Though this is a common myth, the majority of older adults are actually experts at change. Think of all the changes they have seen throughout the years. . . In addition, at least one study shows that the political and social attitudes of older people tend to shift, though slowly, along with attitudes of the rest of society. |
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Term
| Do OA usually take longer to learn something new? |
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Definition
| Yes, Though older adults are as capable of learning new things as younger people, they do tend to take longer to learn new things. However, healthy OA's show no decline, and perhaps improve, in some cognitive skills such as wisdom, judgment, creativity, common sense, coordination of facts and ideas, and breadth of knowledge and experience. They are also more cautious in their responses. When other factors are considered – illness, sensory deficits, lack of practice, motivation and learning style, chronological age does not appear to be a major factor in learning ability. One of the most popular classes at Shepherd’s Centers around the country – computers. |
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Term
| Is depression more common in OA's than younger adults? Do OA have a higher suicide rate than younger people? |
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Definition
| Major depression is less common in older age groups (3%) than younger age groups. However, with chronic illnesses, especially dementia, this figure rises. Also, older people have a higher suicide rate than younger people. Many reasons for this – untreated depression would probably be the major factor |
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Term
| Are OA reaction times slower than younger adults? |
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Definition
| Yes, Reaction times are slower, the older we get; only fractions of a second, however, which doesn’t interfere with daily activities. Chronic illnesses often DO impact reaction time, especially arthritis, Parkinson’s, etc. |
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Term
| Are all old people pretty much the same? |
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Definition
| NO! this group is more diverse than any other, and gets more diverse with each year. |
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Term
| Are old people bored all the time? |
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Definition
| No, The majority of old people say that they are seldom bored. |
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Term
| Are most old people socially isolated? |
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Definition
| No, 2/3 live with spouse or family. Most have relatives within easy visiting distance. About 4% are extremely isolated, and most of these are continuing a lifelong pattern. |
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Term
| Do Older workers have fewer accidents than younger workers do? |
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Definition
| Yes, they do have fewer accidents, but part of this is because they don’t tend to take especially hazardous jobs and are more cautious in general. And their absenteeism and tardiness rates are also lower. |
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Term
| How much of our population is 65 & over? What about in year 2030? |
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Definition
| Right now it is 13% over 65 years-old. It is predicted this will rise to OA being 20% of the population by 2030. Boomers are turning 60 at rate of one each 6.7 seconds! |
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Term
| Do the majority of medical practitioners tend to give low priority to the aged? |
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Definition
| Yes, this has been a long term problem, with all the medical professions, leading to few nurses and doctors who specialize in geriatrics. Only 3% of nurse practitioners have any specialty training in gerontological nursing, yet 90% are caring for older adults in their nursing practices. This is a terrific need! |
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Term
| How are the poverty rates with OAs? |
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Definition
| Poverty rates among older people have actually gone down over the last few years, but keep in mind the poverty line is only $8,350/year. 65-75 year-olds actually have the largest disposable income of our society. Women, especially minorities over 85 are doing considerably worse than other cohorts of the over 65 age group. |
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Term
| Do the majority of OAs want to work? Includes volunteer + part-time |
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Definition
| Yes, Studies show that over 75% of older people either do work or would like to work. Part time work is preferred. |
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Term
| Do OA tend to become more religious as they get older? |
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Definition
| No, Several studies show that although the current generation of older people may be more religious than younger generations, it is because they were more religious throughout their lives, not because they became more religious as they aged. |
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Term
| Are the majority of OA's rarely angry & irritated? |
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Definition
| True, Self reports of anger decrease in the later years. |
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Term
| How is the health & economic status of OA looking in the years to come? |
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Definition
| Measures of health and economic status among older people are on the rise. This is in large part due to the better health and higher incomes of people just now entering the 65 and older age group. |
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Term
| Describe the Graying of America & demographics of OAs |
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Definition
| OAs account for about 13% of our population currently. |
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Term
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Definition
| the prejudices and stereotypes that are applied to older people sheerly on the basis of their age. Like racism, it is a way of pigeonholing people and not allowing them to be individuals with unique ways of living their lives. |
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Term
| How does Ageism affect societies elders & ageism? |
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Definition
| This can threaten self-esteem of the older person and when OA's or HC professionals falsely attribute symptoms of pathologic conditions to normal aging, they are likely to overlook treatable conditions. Negative attitudes about aging that are held by health care workers can negatively affect the care older adults receive. |
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Term
| Is it true that OA population is growing & life expectancy is increasing? Is there an emphasis being placed on living long & living well? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do people consider themselves old at age 65? |
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Definition
| No, peoples age is usually based on their heath & function, rather than on their chronological age |
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Term
| With increased age, the more diverse we get. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does ageism occur in the US? |
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Definition
| Ageism is much more common in industrialized (modern) societies and is highly influenced by sterotypes & cultural values. |
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Term
| In todays society, do families still care for the OAs? |
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Definition
| Yes, about 80% of care for OAs is by their families |
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Term
| In the US is there a trend where older generations live with the younger generations? |
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Definition
| There is a trend in which older generations live with and provide care for grandchildren. called the "downward extension of households." |
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Term
| Do people complete their ability to have psychological growth by age 70? |
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Definition
| No, people never lose their capacity for psychological growth |
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Term
| Disability in OAs is not d/t age alone, but diseases & adverse medication effects often cause functional impairments. |
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Definition
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Term
| Health Promotion Efforts are still done for OAs with 1-2 chronic diseases... |
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Definition
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Term
| How many OAs live in nursing homes now? |
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Definition
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Term
| What one life event causes a negative impact on OAs? |
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Definition
| No one life event... the most imp consideration is the impact of an event & it's unique meaning to that individual |
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Term
| In old age, is there an inevitable decline to all intellectual abilities? |
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Definition
| No, there are a few areas of cognitive ability that decline, but other areas show improvement. |
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Term
| Can older adults learn complex new skills? |
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Definition
| Yes, OAs are very capable of learning new things. The speed which they process the info will show with age though. |
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Term
| DOes constipation happen b/c of age? |
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Definition
| No, it's attributed to risk factors - like restricted activity and poor diet changes... not just getting older. |
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Term
| Is urinary incontinence a normal consequence of aging? |
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Definition
| No! In most causes the underlying causes can be addressed & a variety of self-care methods can be established. |
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Term
| Do OA's stop having sex b/c they cannot "perform" sexually? |
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Definition
| No - If it even does decline than it is b/c of social reasons (like loss of a partner) or risk factors (like disease and AE to medication) |
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Term
| Why are AE of medication overlooked in older adults? |
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Definition
| This happens often. Because they are mistakenly attributed to aging or pathologic conditions. |
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Term
| Is the OA population in the US increasing, living longer and reflecting diversity? |
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Definition
| Yes! all of those things are true |
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Term
| Research indicates that health & functioning of OAs has been improving during the past decades, ad these improvements are d/t factors like healthier lifestyles, improved environments, higher education levels, advances in medical care & greater uses of assistive devices. |
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Definition
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Term
| The number of older people living below the poverty line has diminshed from almost 30% in 1967 to 10% in 2003. True or false? |
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Definition
| true - the poverty of OAs is decreasing |
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Term
| How does the ratio of women:men go with age? |
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Definition
| The ratio of women to men increases with older age. There is about 100 women to 86 men at 65 years of age. Then 100 women to 41 men at 85 years of age. |
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Term
| Why are women more likely to survive their spouses? |
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Definition
| Women have longer life expectancy's & tend to marry older men. |
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Term
| What are some of the consequences of Ageism on our society? |
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Definition
| Good workers are not hired, good workers are let go, society is accepting the negative images of aging & believe the myths, the OAs themselves accept the stereotypes. |
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Term
| What are some of the consequences of ageism on the HC profession? |
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Definition
| Few elders get adequate screening tests & prevention services. Fewer than 1 in 3 get flu & pneumonia vaccines. 9 out of 10 do not get appropriate HC screenings over 65 (no cancer screenings, bone density testing, etc.. is not done) |
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Term
| Why is health promotion so important for the elderly? |
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Definition
| 35% of people over 65 are inactive which leads to reduced muscle mass. Smoking cessation is rarely discussed with people over 80 when studies show that when older people try to quit they are more successful than any other age group. |
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Term
| WHat is the grey revolution in health clubs? |
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Definition
| Adults over 50 are the fastest growing population in health clubs |
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Term
| Ageism can even effect whether or not an older adult is even treated at a hospital, true or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| We know too little HC happens, but what about too MUCH HC for older adults? |
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Definition
| Yes, def a problem... HC workers need to consider quality of life before we do a lot of expensive, painful procedures. |
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Term
| What happens when older adults accept that aging = illness? |
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Definition
| They don't want to "bother" their doctors, they ignore their symptoms, become passive. OAs can have all sorts of problems they don't talk about. Incontinence is really underreported & keeps people captive in their homes. 1 in 5 OA put off going to the doctor for 4 months when they had serious symptoms. |
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Term
| How does Ageism affect our profession? Nursing & Med schools? |
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Definition
| Very few nursing schools (only 30%) have classes on OAs. It is increasing though. Even though 60% of the people they will give care to are over 60. Only 10% of med schools have courses/rotations on OAs. OAs are the most complex of all! |
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Term
| What % of hospital stays, visits to primary care providers and home health visits are to elderly? |
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Definition
| OA are 60% of hosp stays, 60% of visits to primary care & 80% of home health visits. |
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Term
| Only __% of advanced practice nurses specialize in care of older people. This is the biggest growing field |
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Definition
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Term
| It is imp to empower & educate OAs to not accept stereotypes of agina. Say it is not just old age... don't let them think symptoms are normal & should be accepted. What should nurses be aware of? |
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Definition
| Our own attitudes on aging. Raise expectation s about what later years can hold for society, ourselves and the profession. |
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Term
| WHat does the compression of morbidity mean? |
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Definition
| the onset of significant illness could be postponed, but that one's life expectancy could not be extended to the same extent. Consequently, disease, disability, and functional decline are "compressed" into a period of averaging 3-5 years before death. So, it's the relatively healthy years that are increasing (not the 3-5 years that happen at the end that most of us are going to have. We have more years of pretty good health in there. |
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Term
| Disease, disability and functional decline can be compressed until the end of life. The onset of significant illness can be compressed until the end of life. Health promotion & disease prevention are the efforts that help this. What is this all called? |
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Definition
| The compression of morbidity |
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Term
| What is the life expectancy now? |
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Definition
| About 80 for both men & women. (women live a little longer). We are learning how to live healthfully through chronic illness. |
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Term
| Does the theory of Biological Aging explain the process? Explain in all of these 200 theories about us in our GENETICS & DNA?? Within our genetic code, is a human body programmed to destruct at any one age? |
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Definition
| No, these have been around forever. They continue to evolve and there is little agreement on any one theory. |
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Term
| What's the Genetics Theory? |
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Definition
| IT emphasizes the roles of genes in the development of age-related changes, are one of the most complex types of biological theories. They are also among the most intensely studied and rapidly evolving. |
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Term
| Explain the Wear & Tear Theory... |
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Definition
| Wear & Tear theory is the oldest & is still accepted. It believes that the body & cells are damaged by overuse, abuse just wears you out & you die. Physical, emotional stresses, UV rays, chemicals... whatever wears us down & wears us out! |
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Term
| What is the Free Radical Theory? |
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Definition
| Highly unstable & reactive molecules... any molecule that differs from other molecules in highly destructive ways. These free radicals cause cancer & accelerate the aging process. |
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Term
| What is the Choloric Restriction Theory? |
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Definition
| This is a more recent theory. Says you can slow down this replication & cell division by undernourishing these cells. Basically, you become thing & your cell replication slows down. Theoretically, you would live longer & with less aging. Need low calories + high nutrient density for this to work. |
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Term
| Which biological theory is true? can we slow down the aging process? |
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Definition
| All the biological theories are true... There is much we can do to slow down the aging process & the body has much ability to adapt to changes. |
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Term
| ____________ theories attempt to explain how biologic changes associated with the aging process affect the physiologic function of the human body. These theories address questions about the relationships between aging and disease processes and unique aspects of providing medical care for older people. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some theories that can be drawn from biologic theories of aging? |
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Definition
| Biologic aging affects all living organisms, Biologic aging is natural, inevitable, irreversible and progressive with time, the course of aging varies from individual to individual, the rate of aging for different organs and tissues varies within individuals, Biologic aging is influenced by nonbiologic factors, Biologic aging processes are different from pathologic processes, Biologic aging increases one's vulnerability to disease. |
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Term
| What are some sociological theories on aging? |
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Definition
| Disengagement, Activity, Continuity, Subculture thoery & Function Consequences Theory |
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Term
| What is the Disengagement Theory? |
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Definition
| Older people withdraw from society b/c that's what they're supposed to do. This was popular in the 1960's & 70's & is no longer accepted as healthy. |
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Term
| What is the Activity Theory? |
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Definition
| Older people remain socially and psychologically fit if they remain actively engaged in life. |
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Term
| Is the Activity Theory true? The more actively involved you are, the happier you are? |
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Definition
| No, there is no correlation between social role activity and satisfaction (suprisingly). Why? B/c some people have very few roles, but have one that gives them great meaning. Some very active people are very busy, but lack any real meaning. In the end, it is the quality of social activity is so much more important than the quantity. It's better to have a couple close friends than a lot of acquaintances. |
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Term
| What is the Continuity THeory? |
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Definition
| We are from day one in the process of becoming more & more ourseleves. If you have a really happy disposition now, then at age 83 you will be even happier. Since we become more & more who we actually are as we age. Theory says we are constantly developing & constantly learning... there is a stability of one's personality throughout the lifespan. Teacher really believes this theory is true. |
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Term
| What is the subculture theory? |
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Definition
| Says OA are a subcultural group with their own norms, values & expectations. After retirement, when they're no longer valued by their profession than they seek out other ways to get meaning & develop their own subcultures. |
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Term
| The _____________ theory says that old people, as a group, have their own norms, expectations, beliefs and habits; therefore, they have their own subculture. OA also less integrated into society & interact better with eachother. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the Function Consequences theory? |
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Definition
| Aging Changes + Risk Factors = negative functional consequences. With our nursing assessment and interventions we hope to get positive functional consequences. |
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Term
| How do all of these theories impact nursing care? |
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Definition
| interventions can target age related changes or the risk factors. We want to increase their quality of life & assure safety. |
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Term
| Using Elderspeak is a reflection of societies frequently negative attitude toward elderly people, especially with dementia patients. What does the term Elderspeak mean? |
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Definition
| When people talk in Elderspeak, they may use inappropriate terms of endearment, simplify their vocabulary and grammar, repeat things or use a high-pitched voice. Collective nouns are often used, "Are we ready for our bath?" It's language that a parent would use to coax or order a small child to do something. When staff calls residents "sweetie" or "dearie" or spoke to them in a singsong language of babytalk the residents were twice as likely to be uncooperative as when they talked in a normal adult tone. People losing their cognitive abilities (Alzheimer's patients) find this talk patronizing & demeaning b/c they know they're losing their cognitive abilities. |
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Term
| Describe characteristics of rural and homeless older adults and implications for nursing care. |
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Definition
| Rural older adults are usually socioeconomically disadvantaged and have poor housing, high poverty rates and less formal education. They also have disproportionately higher rates of CVD, HTN and diabetes. Health care services are fewer and less accessible to the rural older adult, so they have lower rates of monitoring chronic conditions. |
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Term
| WHO IS THE FASTEST GROWING SEGMENT OF THE POPULATION? |
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Definition
| OA ARE THE FASTEST GROWING SEGMENT OF THE POPULATION. The fastest growing segment fr older people is the 85+ year-old group. The 100+ year-old group is too. This group increased by 35% for centenarians. The baby boomers will change this. |
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Term
| HOW MANY OA that are 65+ have a chronic illness? |
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Definition
| 80-85% have at least one chronic illness. |
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Term
| Despite 80-85% have a chronic illness, how do elders rate their health? |
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Definition
| They rate it good to excellent. Means we're managing them better - they're living well despite their chronic illnesses (arthritis, etc...) |
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Term
| Remember, OA MAKE UP 13% OF THE POPULATION. Whats the implication of this on nursing? |
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Definition
| They're the biggest patient population, they spend 4x the most time in hospitals & visits to the doctor. However, OA are the target of major cost cuts and insurance plans. We as nurses are really the most equipped to help people stay well & stay out of nursing homes. |
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Term
| HC services to OA's is geared to what kind of care? |
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Definition
| Our HC system is starting to figure out that the acute care settings should also be equipped to be dealing with chronic care much better. Older people need chronic care & we need to have them be well despite multiple chronic illnesses. |
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Term
| What is the goal for gerontological nurses? |
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Definition
| Help older people attain and maintain the highest level of functioning. The question is not, "How old are you?" It is, "How functional are you?" How well do you feel? Is there anything you would like to do that you cannot do? |
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Term
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Definition
| most people see 10 years older than they are as being "old" - until you get there, then it keeps moving up. Peak psycho-social maturity is often not reached until older adulthood. Maybe wen you die you hit your peak maturity, it is unknown. |
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Term
| Why do some OA age successfully and some don't? |
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Definition
| Inactivity, Boredom & Anticipation of health decline (people who fully expected to fail miserably in their later years, are much more likely to do so) |
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Term
| People who have a __________ perception of aging tend to live longer than those who do not. They live 7.5 years longer just by expecting to be well. |
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Definition
| Positive attitude = live longer. (negative attitudes just become self-fulfilling) |
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Term
| How can nurses fight ageism? |
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Definition
| Empowering and educating older people, being aware of our own attitudes towards aging and older people, help change attitudes of society, raise our expectations! |
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Term
| Does a longer life mean more years in a nursing home? |
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Definition
| No, the ultimate goal of gerontology research is to apply the discoveries about health and aging to enhance quality of life and reduce the likelihood of premature morbidity, disability, and death. |
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Term
| Compression of Morbidity – What is it? |
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Definition
| the onset of significant illness could be postponed, that one’s life expectancy could not be extended to the same extent. Consequently, disease, disability, and functional decline are “compressed” into a period averaging 3 to 5 yrs before death. Fries emphasized that preventive approaches must be directed toward preserving health by postponing the onset of chronic illness. |
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Term
Biological Theories – What are these?
Genetic Theory: |
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Definition
•Emphasize the role of genes in the development of age-related changes.
•One of the most complex biological theories.
•Life expectancy is genetically preprogrammed within a species specific range.
•Twin and family member studies have indicated a strong correlation between extreme longevity, confirming a genetic component. |
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Term
| What is the Wear and Tear Theory: |
|
Definition
It's a Biological Theory. • It was discussed that like a machine, the longevity of the human body will be affected by the care it receives as well as by its genetic components.
• Harmful stress factors, such as smoking, poor diet, alcohol abuse, or muscular strain can exacerbate the wearing-out process. |
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Term
|
Definition
| • The free radical theory postulates that protective mechanisms decrease, or free radical formation increases, with advancing age. |
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Term
| What is the Disengagement Theory? |
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Definition
| • According to this theory, a society and older people engage in a mutually beneficial process of reciprocal withdrawal to maintain social equilibrium. This process occurs systematically and inevitably and is governed by society’s needs, which override individual needs. |
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Term
|
Definition
• Based on the supposition that older people remain socially and psychologically fit if they remain actively engaged in life.
• Lemon tested this theory and found a significant relationship between informal activity and life satisfaction.
• They included that the quality or type of interaction was more important than the quality of activity. |
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Term
| What is the Continuity THeory? |
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Definition
• According to this theory, a person’s characteristic coping strategies are in place long before old age, even though personality features are dynamic and continually evolving.
• Proposes that the best way to predict how a person will adjust to being old is to examine how that person has adjusted to changes throughout life.
• Research showed that personality shows considerable stability over time, but changes occur during middle and late years. |
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Term
|
Definition
• States that old people, as a group, have their own norms, expectations, beliefs, and habits; therefore, they have their own subculture.
• That older people are less well integrated into the larger society and interact more among themselves, compared with people from other age groups.
• The theory holds that the formation of an aged subculture is primarily a response to the loss of status resulting from old age, which is so negatively defined in the US that people do not want to be viewed as old.
• EXAMPLES: Retirement villages, assisted living facilities, hobby groups that are specific to the aging |
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Term
| What is Erikson's THeory? |
|
Definition
| 8 stages of life. Stages are Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, INdustry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Identity diffusion Intimacy vs. Self-absorption,generativity vs. stagnation, and ego integrity vs. despair. |
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Term
| What doe the stages in Erikson's theory mean? |
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Definition
| Each stage presents the person with certain conflicting tendencies that must be balanced before he or she can move successfully from that stage. how one stage is mastered lays the groundwork for successful or unsuccessful mastery of the next stage. Erikson desribed the task of old age as BALANCING THE SEARCH FOR INTEGRITY AND WHOLENESS WITH A SENSE OF DESPAIR. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE 5 categories of Maslows human needs from lowest to highest? |
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Definition
| physiologic needs, safety & security needs, love and belongingness, self-esteem and self-actualization. Attaining the lower level needs takes priority over the higher level needs. People continually move between the levels, but always strive toward higher levels. |
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Term
| Maslow describes self actualized people as fully mature humans who possess such desirable traits as: |
|
Definition
| autonomy, creativity, independence and positive interpersonal relationships |
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Term
| Gerotranscendence is regarded as the final stage in a possible natural progression towards maturation and wisdom. The process of shifting from a rational and materialistic metaperspective to a more transcendent vision is done by... |
|
Definition
| decreased self centeredness, less concern with body and material things, decreased fear of death, discovering hidden aspects of self, increased altruism, increased time spent in meditation and solitude, decreased interest in superfluous social interaction, urge to abandon roles, increased understanding of moral ambiguity, increased feelings of cosmic union with the universe, |
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Term
| What do these Theories have to do with Nursing Care anyway? |
|
Definition
| In caring for the older adult, nurses can use psychological theories of aging as a framework for addressing certain issues, such as response to losses and continued development. |
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Term
| Psychological theories imply that older adults should devote some time and energy to life review and self-understanding. Nurses can facilitate this process by asking .... |
|
Definition
| sensitive questions and by listening attentively to older adults as they share information about their past. |
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|
Term
| What is the definition of Functional Consequences Theory? |
|
Definition
| 1. Are positive or negative, are the observable effects of actions, risk factors, and age-related changes that influence the quality of life or day to day activities of older adults. Actions include, but are not limited to purposeful interventions initiated by either older adults or nurses and other caregivers. Risk factors can originate in the environment or arise from physiological and psychosocial influences. |
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Term
| FUnctional consequences theory's implications for nursing: |
|
Definition
• Nurses can incorporate wellness outcomes to address each older adult’s personal aspirations for well-being of body, mind, and spirit.
• Nurses educate older adults and caregivers about interventions to minimize risk factors or their effects.
• Providing nursing care for older adults is rewards when approached from holistic perspective that sees opportunities for wellness in physical, psychological, and spiritual aspects of function. |
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Term
| What are the goals of functioning consequences theory for nurses? |
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Definition
1. Increase safety
2. Increase functioning
3. Increase quality of life
4. Increase well-being |
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Term
| What are the CNS changes affecting cognition? |
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Definition
| reduction in brain wt of 2-3 g per yr/starting at age 60 (most loss is white matter in frontal lobes), diminished ratio of brain to skill volume, enlarged ventricles, widening sulci, shrinkage of larger neurons and possible some neuronal loss, loss of neurotransmitters, a gradual decreas in dopaminergic function, diminshed cerebral blood flow |
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