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| A psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment that is not a typical or culturally expected response |
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| The scientific study of psychological disorders |
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| The number of people with the disorder at a given time |
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| The number of new cases in a given time period (the number of people who develop the disorder) |
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| The expected course and outcome of disorder |
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| The cause of the disorder, how and why it developed |
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| A form of surgery in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the skull, thus exposing the dura mater in order to treat health problems related to intracranial diseases |
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| Psychodynamic Phsychotherapy |
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| Contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems. Developed by Freud. |
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| Psychoanalytical assessment and therapy, which emphasizes exploration of, and insight into, unconscious processes and conflicts. Developed by Freud |
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| Process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences. Developed by Rogers and Maslow. |
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| Array of therapy methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive sciences, as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. It considers specific behaviors rather than inferred conflict as legitimate targets for change. Developed by Watson, Pavlov, and Skinner |
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| Hypothesis that both an inherited tendency (a vulnerability) and specific stressful conditions are required to produce a disorder. |
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| Reciprocal Gene-Environment Model |
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| Hypothesis that people with a genetic predisposition for a disorder may also have a genetic tendency to create environmental risk factors that promote the disorder. |
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| Cell Body (in relation to neuron) |
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| Branches that receive messages from other neurons |
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| Trunk of neuron that sends messages to other neurons |
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| Buds at end of axon from which chemical messages are sent |
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| Small gaps that separate neurons |
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| Chemical substance that effectively increases the activity of a neurotransmitter by imitating its effects. |
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| Chemical substance that decreases or blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter. |
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| Chemical substance that produces effects opposite those of a particular neurotransmitter. |
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| A neurotransmitter that regulates behavior, moods, and thought processes |
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| A neurotransmitter that reduces anxiety, anger, hostility, aggression, eager anticipation, and pleasure. |
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| Norepinephrine (subclass is beta-blockers) |
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter that is active in the CNS and PNS, controlling heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. |
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| Dopamine (subclass is L-Dopa) |
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| A neurotransmitter whose generalized function is to activate other neurotransmitters and to aid in exploratory and pleasure-seeking behaviors. |
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| Fundamental learning process first described by Pavlov. This is the learning that is based on Pavlov's dog. |
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| Learning process whereby your actions result in certain punishments, rewards, and you learn from these and act in accordance after several repeated actions. Started by Skinner. |
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| Seligman's theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether in reality they do or not). |
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| Learning through observation and imitation of the behavior of the other individuals and the consequences of that behavior. |
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| Certain associations can be learned more readily than others because this ability has been adaptive for evolution. |
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| Certain associations can be learned more readily than others because this ability has been adaptive for evolution. |
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| Field of study that examines how humans and other animals acquire, process, and retrieve information. |
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| Condition of memory in which a person cannot recall past events even though he or she acts in response to them. |
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| Experiment in which subjects are shown a variety of colors, each printed in a different color and asked to name the color of the word. |
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| Developmental psychopathology principle that a behavior or disorder may have several different causes. |
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| Degree to which a measurement is consistent - for example, over time or among different raters. |
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| Degree to which a technique actually measures what it purports to measure. |
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| Process of establishing specific norms and requirements for a measurement technique to ensure it is used consistently across measurement occasions. |
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| Relatively coarse preliminary test of a client's judgment, orientation to time and place, and emotional and mental state; typically conducted during initial interview. |
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| Being oriented to one's day, self, place, etc. |
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| Psychoanalytically based measures that present ambiguous stimuli to clients on the assumption that their responses will reveal their unconscious conflicts. |
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| Systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in a person presenting with a possible psychological disorder. |
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| Process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the established criteria for a specific psychological disorder. |
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| Classical Categorical Approach |
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| Classification method founded on the assumption of clear-cut differences among disorders, each with a different known cause. |
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| Method of categorizing characteristics on a continuum rather than on a either-or, or all-or-none basis. |
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| System for categorizing disorders using essential, defining characteristics and a range of variation on other characteristics. |
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| Mood state characterized by marked negative affect and bodily symptoms of tension in which a person apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune. |
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| Emotional response consisting of an immediate alarm reaction to present danger o life-threatening emergencies. |
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| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) |
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| Anxiety disorder characterized by intense, uncontrollable, unfocused, chronic, and continuous worry that is distressing and unproductive accompanied by physical symptoms of tension, irritability, and restlessness. |
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| Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia (PDA) |
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| Fear and avoidance of situations the person believes might induce a dreaded panic attack. |
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| Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult. |
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| Abrupt experience of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by several physical symptoms such as breathlessness or chest pain. |
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| Unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with daily life functioning. |
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| Extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations. |
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| Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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| Enduring, distressing emotional disorder that follows exposure to a sever helpless or fear-inducing threat. The victim re experiences the trauma, avoids stimuli associated with it, and develops a numbing of responsiveness and an increased vigilance and arousal. |
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| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
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| Anxiety disorder involving unwanted, persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses as well as repetitive actions intended to suppress them. |
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| Recurrent intrusive thoughts or impulses the client seeks to suppress or neutralize while recognizing they are not imposed by outside forces. |
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| Repetitive, ritualistic, time-consuming behaviors or mental acts a person feels driven to perform. |
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