Term
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Definition
| Tubular filaments that are the microscopic units of the fungi and intertwine to form the mycelium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intertwining structure of fungi composed of tubular filaments or hyphae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyphae with separations or walls. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Asexual conidia produced by formation of conidia by simple budding from mother’s cells hyphae, or pseudohyphae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thick walled asexual conidia that are formed during unfavorable conditions and germinate when environment improves; greater in diameter than hyphae and may be observed at hyphal tip, within the hyphae, and on the sides of the hyphae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Asexual spores formed by fragmentation of mycelia into rectangular barrel shaped or cask shaped thick walled spores. |
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Term
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Definition
| Asexual spore contained in a saclike structure in which spores are formed and held (sporangium); the sporangium is housed in a specialized hyphal stalk or sporangiophore. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of specialized spore involved in sexual reproduction of some fungi in which two to eight spores are contained in a sac like ascus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those members of the plant family that possess true nuclei lack stems and roots, do not possess chlorophyll, and absorb nutrients from the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi that possess both a yeast phase at 37oC and a mold or mycelial phase at 25oC. |
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Term
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Definition
| Imperfect fungi that do not exhibit a sexual phase and produce spores asexually from the mycelium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Asexual spores produced by some fungi either singly or multiply in long chains or clusters by specialized hyphae known as conidiophores. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large multicellular club oval or spindle shaped asexual fungal spores that are usually septate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small unicellular round elliptical or piriform asexual fungal spores. |
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Term
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Definition
| Asexual fungal spores contained in a sac or sporangium that are produced terminally on sporangiophores or aseptate hyphae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Division in the botanical taxonomy that includes most medically important fungi characterized by septate hyphae and asexual reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungal infection of the hair involving the inside of the hair shaft. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungal infection of the hair shaft involving the outside of the hair shaft. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mycelial phase of a dimorphic fungus that is observed on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar at 25C. The saprophytic phase is usually seen in nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Yeast phase of a dimorphic fungus that is observed in tissue or invasive in vivo and grows on enriched media at 37oC. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mycelium consists of a thallus (vegetative portion) which grows in or on a substrate and absorbs water and nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
| The aerial portion with fruiting bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproduction by fungi involving ascospores (example). Requires the formation of a special structure so that fertilization or nuclear fission can occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual reproductive spore in some fungi that involves fusion of cells from two separate non-identical hyphae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual reproductive spore of some fungi that involves the fusion of two identical cells arising from the same hyphae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of specialized spore involved in sexual reproduction of some fungi; the spores are contained in a club shaped basidium. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of dark slow growing fungi that are found on vegetation and are associated with subcutaneous mycoses, including the development of chronic warty tumor like lesions of the feet and lower legs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Best observed from the reverse side and may be flat, heaped, or folded. |
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Term
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Definition
| Best observed in a cross section and it is usually related to the length of the aerial hyphae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of subcutaneous fungi infection caused by the dermatiaceous fungi; generally these infections are transmitted thru a puncture wound or skin trauma involving fungus contaminated vegetation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic granulomatous infection of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues and bone characterized by tumor like deformities of the subcutaneous tissue with abscesses, draining sinuses, and granulomatous pus. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hyaline mold (nonpigmented). Opportunist infection. Found in soil and vegetation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Quick simple method to observe fungal elements including budding yeast, hyphae, and pseudo hyphae. |
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Term
| Lactophenol cotton blue (LCB) |
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Definition
| Used to visualize microscopic fungal morphology by imparting a blue color to the cell walls. |
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Term
| KOH Preparation (Potassium Hydroxide) |
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Definition
| Dissolve keratin in skin hair and nail specimens to observe the fungal elements in the specimen. |
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Term
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Definition
| A brightening agent added to KOH to bind chitin in the fungal cell wall and provides excellent contrast in the preparation when examined with a fluorescent microscope. |
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Term
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Definition
| The nigrosin prep to identify the capsule of the Cryptococcus neoformans organism in CSF. |
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Term
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Definition
| Methenamine silver nitrate stain, which is useful for the screening of clinical specimens providing good contrast and staining for the fungal elements. Fungi appear outlined in black against a pale background. |
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Term
| Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) |
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Definition
| Stains the hyphae of molds and also some yeast by oxidizing the hydrosol in the carbohydrates of the cell walls of the organisms to form aldehydes, which react with fuschin dye and form a pink purple complex. |
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Term
| typical general guidelines for fungal specimen collection techniques: |
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Definition
| Very similar to those for bacterial infections. Includes the use of sterile collection methods and devices to avoid contamination and provide sufficient quantity for culture. |
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Term
| Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) |
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Definition
| General isolation medium with peptone and glucose. |
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Term
| Dermatophyte test medium (DTM) |
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Definition
| Used for the recovery of dermatophytes from specimens contaminated with fungi or bacteria. |
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Term
| Brain heart infusion (BHI) |
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Definition
| Useful for isolation of agents of systemic mycoses. It is most useful in the isolation of pathogenic fungi from sterile specimens. |
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Term
| Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with Cycloheximide & Chloramphenicol (SDA-CC) |
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Definition
| contains cycloheximide which inhibits many saprophytic contaminating fungi while the chloramphenical is a bacterial inhibitor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tease preparation of a wet mount with Lactophenol blue in which a portion of actively growing fungus is examined. |
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Term
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Definition
| Culture prepared on agar which is on a slide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Serum with inoculated specimen examined after 2 hour incubation in CO2 to view germ tubes of yeast. |
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Term
| Carbohydrate assimilation |
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Definition
| Can provide a definite identification for yeast and yeast like organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| The production of the enzyme urease is useful in the preliminary identification of mainly yeast. |
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Term
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Definition
| Isolation of pathogenic fungi exclusive of dermatophytes. Useful for specimens that may be contaminated with bacteria or saprophytic fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| Recovery of fungi from blood or bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Isolation of hair, nail and skin infections specimens similar to DTM. |
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Term
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Definition
| For isolation for Cryptococcus neoformans which produces phenol oxidase breaking up the medium causing growth of brown melanin colonies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulation of conidia and chlamydospore (chlamydoconidia) production in Candida species. Used to identify Candida albicans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulation of conidia production in the fungi. |
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Term
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Definition
| For identification of M. audouinii. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutritional requirement for differentiation of Trichophyton. |
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Term
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Definition
| Detection of urease production by Cryptococcus neoformans and differentiation of Trichophyton mentagrophytes from Trichophyton rubrum. |
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Term
Tinea barbae
typical infection site |
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Definition
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Term
Tinea capitis
typical infection site |
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Definition
| Ringworm of the head/scalp. |
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Term
Tinea corporis
typical infection site |
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Definition
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Term
Tinea crusis
typical infection site |
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Definition
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Term
Tinea pedis
typical infection site |
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Definition
| Ringworm of the foot or athlete's foot. |
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Term
Tinea unguium
typical infection site |
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Definition
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Term
Microsporum audouinii
macroscopic and microscopic descriptions |
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Definition
| Cottony and white, rare conidia, form chlamydoconida like swellings terminally on hyphae. Once a leading cause of tinea capitis in children. Fluoresces with Wood’s light. |
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Term
Microsporum canis
macroscopic and microscopic descriptions |
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Definition
| Macroconidia are spindle shaped with thick walls, spiny ends, and may be elongated. Colonies are fluffy and white; reverse is lemon-yellow. Causes ringworm in cats, dogs, and other animals. |
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Term
Microsporum. gypseum
macroscopic and microscopic descriptions |
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Definition
| Thick walled conidia. Forms tan colonies. Found in soil. |
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Term
Epidermophyton floccosum
macroscopic and microscopic descriptions |
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Definition
| Smooth, thin walled macroconidia. Yellow to yellow-tan small colonies. |
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Term
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
macroscopic and microscopic descriptions |
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Definition
| Macroconidia are thin walled, smooth, and cigar shaped. Produced singly on hyphae. Rapid grower compared to other dermatophytes. Produces flat white cream colored colonies with a red brown underside. |
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Term
Trichophyton rubrum
macroscopic and microscopic descriptions |
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Definition
| Produces white fluffy granular colonies with a deep cherry red or burgundy pigment on the underside. Hard to find macroconidia. Typically see microconidia on hyphae. |
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Term
Trichophyton tonsurans
macroscopic and microscopic descriptions |
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Definition
| Forms rust colored pigment on reverse side of agar. Agent of epidemic tinea capitis in children (including U.S.). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Candida sp., Saccharomyces, Cryptococcus sp.,Rhodotorula |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cryptococcus sp., Rhodotorula |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Blastomyces
typical clinical significance |
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Definition
Causes blastomycosis.
Involves skin, lung, and kidney infections.
Produces flu-like symptoms leading to pulmonary, skin, and organ involvement. May be rapidly fatal. Known as Gilchrist’s disease, North American blastomycosis, and Chicago disease. |
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Term
Coccidioides
typical clinical significance |
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Definition
Causes Coccidioidomycosis.
Involves inhalation of arthroconidia of the dimorphic fungus.
Produces pulmonary involvement and allergic reactions. |
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Term
Histoplasma
typical clinical significance |
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Definition
-Causes histoplasmosis (also called reticuloendothelia cytomycosis, cave disease, spelunker’s disease, and Darlings disease).
-Produces an infection caused by inhalation of microconidia in soil contaminated with excreta from birds found in the Mississippi river valley. -Involves lungs, liver, and spleen. -Organisms may remain in the host for years (may be reactivated). |
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Term
Paracoccidioides
typical clinical significance |
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Definition
| Causes paracoccidioidomycosis. Produces a chronic fungal infection caused by P. brasiliensis and is characterized by ulcers of the mouth and lymph node involvement. Prefers cooler areas of the body to grow (will spread to other areas of the body if immunocompromised). |
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Term
Sporothrix schenckii
typical clinical significance |
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Definition
| Causes lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis a chronic subcutaneous fungal infection characterized by skin ulcers, subcutaneous nodules, and lymphatic infection. Found in soil and decaying vegetation. |
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Term
Fonsecaea pedrosoi
typical clinical significance |
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Definition
| Causes Chromoblastomycosis of the feet and lower legs. |
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Term
Penicillium marneffei
typical clinical significance |
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Definition
| Only true pathogen in this genus. Common cause of systemic infection (organs and skin lesions) in immunocompromised patients. Dimorphic. Yeast like cells in body. Mold form may have green aerial hyphae and reddish-brown vegetative hyphae with a red pigment. |
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Term
Sporothrix schenckii
typical microscopic identify characteristics |
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Definition
| Small, cigar shaped yeast at 35oC. Room temperature culture shows conidia in a rosette pattern at the ends of conidiophores. |
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Term
Histoplasma capsulatum
typical microscopic identify characteristics |
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Definition
| Small, round, and oval within monocytes and neutrophils on peripheral or bone marrow smears. Yeast at 35oC culture. Tuberculate macroconidia at room temperature culture. |
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Term
Blastomyces dermatitidis
typical microscopic identify characteristics |
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Definition
| Round, oval yeast with broad based budding at 35oC. Room temperature culture shows microconidia (not diagnostic). |
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Term
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
typical microscopic identify characteristics |
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Definition
| Yeast at 35oC culture. Multiple budding yeast cells (mariner’s wheel) observed at room temperature culture |
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Term
Coccidioides immitis
typical microscopic identify characteristics |
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Definition
| Large thick walled round spherules with endospores on tissue prep (may see at 37oC culture). Produces alternating staining arthroconidia (disjunctor cell) on culture. |
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Term
| State the division of fungi causing the majority of fungal infections: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| typical length of time fungal cultures are minimally held: |
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Definition
| Fungal cultures minimally held at least 2 to 4 weeks. |
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Term
typical macroconidia for:
Microsporum canis |
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Definition
| Multiseptate macroconidia. |
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Term
typical macroconidia for:
Trichophyton mentagrophytes |
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Definition
| Smooth club shaped thin walled macroconidia with 8-10 septate. |
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Term
typical macroconidia for:
Histoplasma capsulatum |
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Definition
| Large thick walled knobby tuberculate macroconidia. |
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Term
typical macroconidia for:
Epidermophyton floccosum |
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Definition
| Numerous club shaped smooth walled with 2-4 septate. |
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Term
Absidia
microscopic identification |
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Definition
| Like Rhizopus but the sporangiophores arise between nodes from which rhizoids are formed. |
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Term
Mucor:
microscopic identification |
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Definition
| Like rhizopus with no rhizoids. |
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Term
Aspergillus:
microscopic identification |
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Definition
| Branching septate hyphae that terminate in a conidiophore that expands into a large spherical vesicle covered with stalks (sterigmata). |
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Term
Rhizopus
microscopic identification |
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Definition
| Large broad nonseptae hyphae producing horizontal runners or stolons attaching at rhizoids with sporangiophores arising in clusters terminating in sporangia. |
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Term
Penicillium
microscopic identification |
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Definition
| Septate hyaline hyphae with brush like conidiophores which give rise to phialides |
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Term
Alternaria
microscopic identification |
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Definition
| Septate dermatiaceous conidiophores that branch with chains of brown conidia which are muriform and tapered |
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Term
Fusarium
microscopic identification |
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Definition
| Two celled or multi-celled structures, smooth walled, fusiform, macroconidia resembling a banana. |
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Term
Malassezia furfur:
-clinical significance
-common name given to the infection
-significant microscopic appearance
-significant growth characteristics: |
|
Definition
Causes tinea versicolor.
Appears as tight clusters of spherical yeast like cells.
Grows on SDA with olive oil in 2-4 days at 30oC producing creamy yeast like colonies. |
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Term
Cladosporium carrionii:
-clinical significance
-common name given to the infection
-significant microscopic appearance
-significant growth characteristics: |
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Definition
Causes chromoblastomycosis.
Appears as dark, long, branching conidiophores that give rise to chains of blastoconidia with septae hyphae. Cannot grow above 37oC.
-Fast growing gray black moist yeast like colony. |
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Term
Fonsecaea pedrosoi:
-clinical significance
-common name given to the infection
-significant microscopic appearance
-significant growth characteristics: |
|
Definition
-Causes chromoblastomycosis.
-Slow growing, black/brown colony with black aerial mycelium.
-Dark septate hyphae with primary mycosis conidia at conidiophore tip. |
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Term
Phialophora verrucosa:
-clinical significance
-common name given to the infection
-significant microscopic appearance
-significant growth characteristics: |
|
Definition
Causes chromoblastomycosis.
Fast growing, black/gray, dome shaped. Septate hyphae with short conidiophores that give rise to flask or cup shaped phialides with collarettes. |
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Term
Sporothrix schenckii:
-clinical significance
-common name given to the infection
-significant microscopic appearance
-significant growth characteristics: |
|
Definition
-Causes sporotrichosis.
-Rapidly growing white paste like colony that becomes brown black and leathery.
-It is a dimorphic fungus with septate hyphae and pyriform conidia arranged in floweret form. |
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