Celestial Bodies

Terrestrial Bodies

Ancestors

Fertility Objects

An event that changed the lifestyle of human beings by initiated:

1. Organized Farming

2. Permanent Settlements

3. Surpluses

4. Population Growth

5. Development of villages then cities

6. Specilization

7. Economic development and activity: bartering

8. Social Stratification based on gender, wealth, influence

9. Walled Cities

10. Technological and intellectual innovation

11. Education Systems

Sumerians

Social system

development

Religion

People of Sumer

Social system: Nobles, commoners, and slaves Developed writing: record keeping, pictographs, ideograms, phonograms

Religion- politheism + animism, anthropomorphism, sacrifice

Second Empire of Mesopotamia

Ruler: Hammurabai

King of Babylon

Made the first set of rules for Society

An era of spectacular creativity, prosperity, unity, and stability.

-developed absolutism

-mastery of resources

-notion of afterlife led to monumental artwork

A time of introspection and literary production.

-art production

-political stability

-social mobility was possible

-social equality increased

-marked by the hyksos invasion

-ended middle kingdom

-tribe from the north that moved south to the nile delta

-might have been peaceful, could have been warlike takeover

-created capital in delta, never moved south

A shift from the traditional isolation of egypt to a period of diplomacy and expansion

caused by

-new dynasty of kings who wanted to remove hyksos using new war technology

-they were warlike pharohs who looked east and mesopotamia

-conquered palstine, syria ,and ancient mesopotamia

-new egyptian king who claimed there werent any gods but ra

-contradicted his godliness

-preists turned against him, he fails

Universal order- responsability of pharoh to maintain it

- Hittites invade babylon

-take resources

-babylon goes to kassites

- Fight between Ramses and the Hittites -

Tie- Formed the first ever truce

----India----

-Next People/collection of tribes to dominate india (after harrapan civilizations)

-nomadic and warlike tribesmen

collectrion of tribes NOT UNIFIED

-came from Hindu Kush

-dominated norther India

Results of Aryan Rule

Aryan caste system

Raja- becomes the territorial king position

priests gain pwer

caste systems develop

Aryan caste system:

Raja

Priests

commoners

natives(slaves)

Religion of Aryans, developed as Aryans became more imbedded in indian society

characteristics: -polytheistic

-sacrificial and ritualistic

-went from mythical explanation to philisphical

became ascetic

Supreme conciousness, absolute reality

same as dharma (hinduism)

evolution of brahmanism

-all objects have a soul

-atman is different in each object

-karma accumulates matter

-a soul is capable of suffering

ascetic

extreme ascestism

all life is sacred

no violence

diet

humble life

The middle way- between materialsm and ascetism is the path to enlightenment

based on 4 noble truths:

1. Dukkha(suffering)

2. Tahna(desire)

3. Give up Tahna(desire) to stop Dukkha(suffering)

4. 8 fold path

No priest

local languages

anyone can do it

it can be practiced by individuals

evolution of brahmanism buddhism and jainism

devotional

naturaly inclusive

dharma-universal importance

all have purpose(atman) in dharma(truth), and our duty(bhakti) is to fulfill atman

soul is impervious

yoga

Bhakti yoga- spiritual devotion

Karma Yoga- selfless service

Jnana- realization/ knowledge

raja- meditation

warlike aristocracy

5 capitals

-king was assisted by aristocratic warlords and vassal states

-used oracle bones

spiritual stuff=crap

dao

obey dao

filial piety

humanity(dont do to others...do to urslef)

rulers elected because of skill

legalism

centralized rule through beuracracy(civil, military, censorate)

imperial appointees as officers

great wall of china

humans are evil

harsh laws +punishmen rule

laws must govern not men

- a temple built for the Greek goddess Athena, the protectress of Athens, in the 5th century BC on the athenian Acropolis. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece,

- context?

Aristocrat, merchant, poet;

became the soul(only) archon through election.

Cancelled debts,

freed debt slaves,

reoranized classes,

didnt redistribute land.

Said put trust in laws not men 

- Gained power by using government given body gaurds, suport through public fear.

- Bettered living conditions by initiating building projects.

 -  Maintained the ways of Solon

- a series of conflicts between several Greek city-states and the Persian Empire

- Inluded Marathon, Thermopalyae, Salamis

1 Rebelled against Persia early on

1 Motivation- Protection from Persia

2 Purpose- Drive Persia out of Aegean Sea

3 Membership Fee- Men, wood, or money (voluntary

4 Delos

5 Athens

1 Used Delian League to promote greek unity

2 Wins Big against the Persian (takes them out of the picture)

3 Power becomes unrivaled in the Greek World

4. After not helping Sparta, is ostracized  

1 Wanted out of Delian League

2 Tried to withdraw, was not allowed when Athens sacrificed freedom for the safety of all

- A city-state that refused to join the Delian League. - The Athenians were outraged and attacked Carystus and torched the entire city.

- Athens employed this tactic frequently, as it was said to be better for the league. This way, a Greek city-state could not side with Persia and offer their city as a base, and also could not get the advantages of a Persian-free Greece without paying their share.

- Rose to Power After Cimon was ostracized 

- Led for the first 2 years of the Peloponnesian Wars

- Previous Olympic Victor

- Tried to take over Athens, failed

1. Begins with Romulus + Remus

2. Brutus makes republic 509 BCE

3. Rome Takes over Greece through punic wars

4. Caesar comes to power then assassinated

5. Octavius Comes to power Pax Romana

6. Empire falls after Edict of Milan

- Civilization that Rome originally came from

- Gave Rome their culture and political structure 

- The Conflict of the Orders, also referred to as the Struggle of the Orders, was a political struggle between the plebeians (plebs) and patricians (patricii) of the ancient Roman Republic, in which the plebeians sought political equality and achieved it in 287 BC, after two centuries of strife.

Causes

1 Plebian grievances

 2 Power of arms

3Power of Succesion

 Effects

1Plebeian assembly,

2 Tribunes,

3 Twelve Tables,

4Inter-marriage,

5consulship open

Main colony of carthiginian empire.

Traded with Greece when they came down from the mountains and ended the greek dark ages.

started punic wars with greece when disputing over sicily 

- a Roman politician and General

- Conflicted with Scipio in second punic war

- died. war went to carthage

- Final War Of Hannibals Campaign

- Scipio vs. Hannibal

- Scipio won with superior tactics

1. 1. 1. Augment and restore 320 Acre Land Law; redistribute land; new political process. Represented Populares
      2. Outcome: Land Commission, 2nd Term, assassinated (with followers) by optimates 133 BCE
      3. Rome's power was being determined by voilence

Marius –

 - humble birth, great soldier & general

-         appealed to Populares

-         elected Consul in 107 BCE, critical of nobility

-          “poor” army

-         loved by army

– loyal to him alone

-          **rules by reign of terror for two years

-         Sulla 

-         appointed by Senate for Asia Minor war 

-         represented Optimates

-         Marius disliked Sulla, transfer attempted

-         civil war

-         seized Rome in 82 BCE

-         defeated by Marius

-         later made reforms: restored Senate, reduced power of Tribunes, reduced power of provincial governors

1. Roman Leader assasinated by the senate and his friend Brutus 

2. First political assassination led to voilent politics.  3. Caused a war between Brutus and Octavius

- First elected Position Caesar had

- Demonstrated his likable nature 

- Member of the first triumvirate

- dies and triggers a war between Pompey and Caesar

- Pompey, Crassius, Caesar

- Generals that ran Rome when councils lost control

- Ended when cassius dies 

-Octavian, Lepidus, Marc Antony

- Octavian turned on Antony, killed him 

- First Named princeps "first citizen"

- Then named augustus "ruler"

-Made Military reforms, triggered a constitutional monarchy, had a cult of personality

- Started Pax Romana

- Slowly took power away from the senate 

1 Reformer after third century crisis

2 Economic Reforms -High Taxes -Labor Training

3 Administrative Reforms -Tetrarchy

-the beleif that the arians are the best

- hitler

- a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities: the commander of an army, either before it was mustered or more typically in the field, or an elected magistrate assigned duties that varied depending on the historical period.

- Context???

- wife of Isaac and the second matriarch of the four matriarchs of the Jewish people.

- Was barren, Isaac had baby with house maiden (Esau). Became un barren, had son (Jacob)

Prophets that forsaw disaster based on breaking of covanent

advocated- absolute monotheism

rightousness

no materialsm

love of powerless

Jermiah- predicted destruction of all of jerusalem

Isiah predicted savior

Diaspora

prophets keep hope alive

Persians capture empire again, judaism is reestablished

Not based on location- ritual and scripture

less reliance on higher classes

rely on teachers

Judea- South

Isreal- North

Isreal gets conquered by assyrians, judea gets authority, canon becomes word of god