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| systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their intelligence |
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| diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability |
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| capacity to understand hypothetical concepts |
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| hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people |
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| particular ability level in a narrow domain |
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| capacity to learn new ways of solving problems |
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| Crystallized Intelligence |
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| Accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time |
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| idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill |
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| model of intelligence proposed by Robert Sternberg positing three distinct types of intelligence: analytical, practical, and creative |
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| age corresponding to the average individual's performance on an intelligence test |
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| expression of a person's IQ relative to his or her same-aged peers |
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| movement in the early twentieth century to improve a population's genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce, preventing those with bad genes from reproducing, or both |
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| error of confusing a claim's validity with the people who advocate it |
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| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) |
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| most widely used intelligence test for adults today, consisting of 14 subtests to assess different types of mental abilities |
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| intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet & Simon adapted by Lewis Terman of Stanford University |
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| abstract reasoning items that don't depend on language and are often believed to be less influence by cultural factors than other IQ tests |
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| finding that average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approx. 3 pts/decade |
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| Tendency of a test to predict outcomes better in one group than another |
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| Within-group Heritability |
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| extent to which the variability of a trait within a group is genetically influenced |
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| Between-group Heritability |
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| extent to which differences in a trait between groups is genetically influenced |
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| fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype |
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| detection of physical energy by sense of organs, which then send information to the brain |
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| the brain's interpretation of raw sensory inputs |
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| the process of converting an external energy or substance into neural activity |
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| specialized cell responsible for converting external stimuli into neural activity for a specific sensory system |
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| lowest level of a stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect a change 50% of the time |
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| Just Noticeable Difference (JND) |
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| the smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect |
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| the process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions |
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| process of selecting one sensory channel and ignoring or minimizing others |
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| Extrasensory Perception (ESP) |
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| perception of events outside the known channels of sensation |
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| Additive & Subtractive Color Mixing |
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| additive color mixing of light differs from subtractive color mixing of paint |
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| intensity of reflected light that reaches our eyes |
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| part of the eye containing transparent cells that focus light on the retina |
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| part of the eye that changes curvature to keep images in focus |
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| changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near or far |
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| membrane at the back of the eye responsible for converting light into neural activity |
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| Central portion of the retina |
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| receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in low levels of light |
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| receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in color |
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| part of the visual field we can't see because of an absence of rods & cones |
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| Objects physically close to each other tend to be perceived as unified wholes |
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| all things being equal, we see similar objects as comprising a whole, much more so than dissimilar objects |
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| we still perceive objects as wholes, even if other objects block part of them |
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| when partial visual information is present, the mind fills in what's missing. When the missing info is a contour, the principle is essentially the same as subjective contours |
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| we perceive objects that are symmetrically arranged as wholes more often than those that aren't |
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| Perceptually, we make an instant decision to focus attention on what we believe to be the central figure, and largely ignore what we believe to be the background. |
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| idea that color vision is based on our sensitivity to three different colors |
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| inability to see some or all colors |
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| ability to judge distance and 3D relations |
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| stimuli that enable us to judge depth using only one eye |
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| Stimuli that enable us to judge depth using both eyes |
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| complexity or quality of sound that makes musical instruments, human voices, or other sources sound unique |
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| bony, spiral-shaped sense organ used for hearing |
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| tissue containing the hair cells necessary for hearing |
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| membrane supporting the organ of Corti and hair cells in the cochlea |
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| sense receptors in the tongue that respond to sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, and perhaps fat |
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| odorless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of one's species |
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| our sense of touch, temperature, and pain |
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| our sense of body position |
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| our sense of equilibrium or balance |
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| pain or discomfort felt in an amputated limb |
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| change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of experience |
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| process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli |
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| Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian or respondent) |
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Definition
| form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response |
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| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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| initially neutral stimulus |
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| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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| stimulus that elicits an automatic response |
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| Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
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| automatic response to a nonneutral stimulus that does not need to be learned |
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| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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| response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning |
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| learning phase during which a conditioned response is established |
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| Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is present repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus |
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| sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus |
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| sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired |
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| process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical to, the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response |
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| displaying a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus |
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| developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus |
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| difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we've repeatedly experienced alone, that is, without the unconditioned stimulus |
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| Sexual attraction to nonliving things |
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| an apparent conditioned response that actually turns out to be an unconditioned response to the conditioned stimulus |
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