Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Ohio State psych 100
terms midterm 2 - final.
195
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/15/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Discrete Emotions Theory
Definition
theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions
Term
Primary Emotions
Definition
small number (perhaps seven) of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal
Term
Motivation-structural Rules
Definition
deep-seated similarities in communication across most animal species
Term
Display Rules
Definition
cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions
Term
Cognitive Theories of Emotion
Definition
theory proposing that emotions are products of thinking 
Term
James-Lange theory of emotion
Definition
theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli
Term
Somatic Marker Theory
Definition
theory proposing that we use our 'gut reactions' to help us determine how we should act
Term
Cannon-Bard Theory
Definition
theory prposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simulataneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions
Term
Two-Factor Theory
Definition
theory prposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an attribution (explanation) of that arousal
Term
Mere Exposure Effect
Definition
phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably toward it
Term
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Definition
theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions
Term
Nonverbal Leakage
Definition
unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior
Term
Proxemics
Definition
study of personal space
Term
Pinocchio Response
Definition
supposedly perfect physiological or behavioral indicator of lying
Term
Guilty Knowledge Test
Definition
alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don't
Term
Integrity tests
Definition
questionnaires that presumably assess workers' tendency to steal or cheat
Term
Positive Psychology
Definition
discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths
Term
Motivation
Definition
psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction
Term
Drive Reduction Theory
Definition
theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in way that minimize aversive states
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
equilibrium
Term
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Definition
inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand, and affect and performance on the other
Term
Incentive Theories
Definition
theories proposing that we're often motivated by positive goals
Term
Hierarchy of needs
Definition
model, developed by Abraham Maslow, proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safet and security before progressing to more complex needs
Term
Glucostatic Theory
Definition
theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose
Term
Leptin
Definition
hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used
Term
Set Point
Definition
value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain
Term
Internal-external Theory
Definition
theory holding that obese peole are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues
Term
Desire phase
Definition
phase in human sexual response triggered by whatever prompts sexual interest
Term
Excitement phase
Definition
phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it
Term
Orgasm (climax) phase
Definition
phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women
Term
Resolution Phase
Definition
phase in human sexual response following orgasm, in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being
Term
Social psychology
Definition
study of how people influence others' behavior, beliefs, and attitude
Term
Social Facilitation
Definition
enhancement of performance brought about by the presence of others
Term
Attribution
Definition
process of assinging causes to behavior
Term
Fundamental attribution error
Definition
tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people's behavior
Term
Social Comparison Theory
Definition
theory that we seek to evaluate our beliefs, attitudes, and abilities by comparing our reactions with others
Term
Mass Hysteria
Definition
outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social contagion
Term
Conformity
Definition
tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure
Term
Parametric Studies
Definition
studies in which an experimenter systematically manipulates the independent variable to observe its effects on the dependent variable
Term
Deindividuation
Definition
tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual identities
Term
Groupthink
Definition
emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking and sound decision making
Term
Group Polarization
Definition
tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individiual group members
Term
Cults
Definition
groups of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause
Term
Inoculation Effect
Definition
approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspecitve might be correct and then debunking
Term
Obedience
Definition
adherence to instructions from those of higher authority
Term
Pluralistic Ignorance
Definition
error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do
Term
Diffusion of Responsibility
Definition
reduction the feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others
Term
Social Loafing
Definition
phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups
Term
Belief
Definition
conclusion regarding factual evidence
Term
Attitude
Definition
belief that includes an emotional component
Term
Self-monitoring
Definition
personality trait that assesses the extent to which people's behavior reflects their true feelings and attitudes
Term
Cognitive Dissonance
Definition
unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs
Term
Self-perception theory
Definition
theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors
Term
Impression Management Theory
Definition
theory that we don't really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviors appear consistent with out atttitudes
Term
foot-in-the-door technique
Definition
persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one
Term
door-in-the-face technique
Definition
persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted
Term
low-ball technique
Definition
persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all of the 'add-on' costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product
Term
Prejudice
Definition
drawing conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence
Term
Adaptive Conservatism
Definition
evolutionary principle that creates a presdisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different
Term
In-group bias
Definition
tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group
Term
out-group homogeneity
Definition
tendency to view all inidividuals outside our group as highly similar
Term
Discrimination
Definition
negative behavior toward memebers of out-groups
Term
Stereotype
Definition
a belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of memebers of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group
Term
implicit and explicit stereotypes
Definition
beliefs about the characteristics of an out-group about which we're either unaware (implicit) or aware (explicit)
Term
ultimate attribution error
Definition
assumption that behaviors among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions
Term
scapegoat hypothesis
Definition
claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes
Term
just-world hypothesis
Definition
claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason
Term
Jigsaw classrooms
Definition
educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project
Term
traits
Definition
relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behavior across many situations
Term
nomotheic approach
Definition
approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals
Term
idiographic approach
Definition
approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person
Term
Molecular genetic studies
Definition
investigations thatr allow researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits
Term
Somatogenic
Definition
physiologically caused
Term
catharsis
Definition
feeling of relief following a dramatic outpouring of emotion
Term
psychogenic
Definition
psychologically caused
Term
psychic determinism
Definition
the assumption that all psycholigcal events have a cause
Term
id
Definition
reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression
Term
pleasure principle
Definition
tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification
Term
ego
Definition
psyche's executive and principal decision maker
Term
reality principle
Definition
tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet
Term
superego
Definition
our sense of morality
Term
defense mechanisms
Definition
unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety
Term
reaction-formation
Definition
transformation of an anxiety provoking emtoino into its opposite
Term
projection 
Definition
unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others
Term
displacement
Definition
directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target
Term
rationalization
Definition
providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviors or failures
Term
intellectualization
Definition
avoiding emtoions assoiated with anxiety-provoking experiences by focusing on abstract and impersonal thoughts
Term
identification with the aggressor
Definition
process of adopting the characteristics of individuals we find threatening
Term
sublimation
Definition
transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goat
Term
erogenous zone
Definition
sexually arousing zone of the body
Term
oral stage
Definition
psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth
Term
anal stage
Definition
psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training
Term
phallic stage
Definition
psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals
Term
Oedipus complex
Definition
conflict during stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals
Term
Electra complex
Definition
conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals
Term
penis envy
Definition
supposed desire of girls to posses a penis
Term
latency stage
Definition
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious
Term
genital stage
Definition
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others
Term
neo-Freudian theories
Definition
theories derived from Freud's model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth
Term
style of life
Definition
according to Adler, each person's distinctive way of achieving superiority
Term
inferiority complex
Definition
feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings
Term
factor analysis
Definition
statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures
Term
Big Five
Definition
five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures
Term
lexical approach
Definition
approach proposing that the most cruical features of personality are embedded in our language
Term
sleep paralysis
Definition
state of being unable to move just after falling asleep or right before waking up
Term
consciousness
Definition
our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspective
Term
circadian rhythm
Definition
cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour basis in many biological processes
Term
biological clock
Definition
term for the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus that's responsible for controlling our levels of alertness
Term
rapid eye movement (REM)
Definition
darting of the eyes underneath the closed eyelids during sleep
Term
non-REM (NREM) sleep
Definition
stages 1 thru 4 of the sleep cycle during which eye movements do not occur and dreaming is less frequent and vivid
Term
REM sleep
Definition
stage of sleep during which the brain is most active and during which vivid dreaming most often occurs
Term
lucid dreaming
Definition
experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming
Term
insomnia
Definition
difficulty falling and staying asleep
Term
restless legs syndrome
Definition
urge to move our legs or other body parts, often while attempting to sleep
Term
narcolepsy
Definition
disorder characterized by the rapid and often unexpected onset of sleep
Term
sleep apnea
Definition
disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue
Term
night terrors
Definition
sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion follow by a return to a deep sleep
Term
sleepingwalking
Definition
walking while fully asleep
Term
activation-synthesis theory
Definition
theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story
Term
out-of-body experience (OBE)
Definition
sense of our consciousness leaving our body
Term
near-death experiences (NDE)
Definition
out-of-body experiences reported by people who've nerly died or thought they were going to die
Term
deja vu
Definition
feeling of reliving an experience that's new
Term
mystical experience
Definition
feelings of unity or oneness with the world
Term
meditation
Definition
set of ritualized practices that train attention and awareness
Term
hypnosis
Definition
set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Term
past life regression therapy
Definition
therapeutic approach that hypnotizes and supposedly age-regresses patients back to a previous life to identify the source of a present-day problem
Term
sociocognitive theory
Definition
approach to hypnosis based on people's attitudes, beliefs, and expectations
Term
dissociation theory
Definition
approach to explaining hypnosis based on a separation between personality functions that re normally well integrated
Term
psychoactive drugs
Definition
chemicals simialr to those found naturally in our brains that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons
Term
sedative
Definition
drug that exerts a calming effect
Term
hypnotic
Definition
drug that exerts a sleep-inducing effect
Term
tolerance
Definition
reduction in the effect of a druge as a result of repeated use, requiring users to consumer greater quantities to achieve the same effect
Term
withdrawal
Definition
unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption of a drug that users had consumed habitually
Term
delirium
Definition
disorientation, confusion, visual hallucinations, and memory problems, sometimes resulting from alcohol withdrawal
Term
stimulants
Definition
drugs that increase activity in the central nervous system, including heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
Term
narcotics
Definition
drugs that relieve pain and induce sleep
Term
hallucinogenic
Definition
causing dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and thought
Term
moral treatment
Definition
approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for the mentally ill
Term
deinstitutionalization
Definition
1960s and 1970s governmental policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals
Term
bulimia nervosa
Definition
eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight
Term
anorexia nervosa
Definition
eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight
Term
labeling theorists
Definition
scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people's perceptions and behaviors
Term
panic disorder
Definition
repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behavior in an attempt to avoid them
Term
generalized anxiety disorder
Definition
continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning
Term
phobia
Definition
intense fear of an object or situation that's greatly out of proportion to its actual threat
Term
agoraphobia
Definition
fear of being in a place of situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack
Term
specific phobias
Definition
 intense fear of objects, places, or situations that are greatly our of proportion to their actual threat
Term
social phobia
Definition
marked fear of public appearances in which embarrasment or humiliation is possible
Term
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Definition
marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event
Term
OCD
Definition
condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both
Term
obsessions
Definition
persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate causing marked distress
Term
compulsions
Definition
reptitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce or prevent stress
Term
anxiety sensitivity
Definition
fear of anxiety-related sensations
Term
major depressive episode
Definition
state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties
Term
cognitive model of depression
Definition
theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations
Term
learned helplessness
Definition
tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can't control
Term
manic episode
Definition
experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, inreased talkativeness, and irresponsible behavior
Term
bipolar disorder
Definition
condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode
Term
schizophrenia
Definition
severe disorder of thought and emotion assciated with a loss of contact with reality
Term
delusions
Definition
strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality
Term
psychotic symptoms
Definition
psychological problems reflecting serious distortions in reality
Term
hallucinations
Definition
sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus
Term
catatonic symptoms
Definition
motor problems, ncluding extreme resistance to complying with simples suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal position
Term
diathesis-stress models
Definition
perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a disthesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability
Term
personality disorder
Definition
condition in which personality traits appearing first in adolescence, are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations, and lead to distress or impairment
Term
borderline personality disorder
Definition
condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control
Term
psychopathic personality
Definition
condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centeredness, and risk-taking
Term
antisocial personality disorder
Definition
condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions
Term
psychotherapy
Definition
a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives
Term
paraprofessional
Definition
person with no professional training who provides mental health services
Term
insight therapies
Definition
psychoterapies, including psychodynamic and hunaistic-existential approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight
Term
free association
Definition
technique in which patients express themselves without censorship of any sort
Term
resistance
Definition
attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with oncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions, and impulses
Term
transference
Definition
projecting intense, unrealistic feelings and expectations from the past onto the therapist
Term
work through
Definition
to confront and resolve problems, conflicts, and ineffective coping responses in everyday life
Term
interpersonal therapy
Definition
treatment that strengthens social skills and targets  interpersonal problems , conflicts, and life transitions
Term
humanistic-existential psychotherapy
Definition
therapies that share an emphasis on the devlopment of human potential and the blief that human nature is basically positive
Term
phenomenological approach
Definition
perspective in which therapists encounter patientis in terms of subjective phenomena (thoughts, feelings) in the present moment
Term
person-centered therapy
Definition
therapy centering on the patient's goals and ways of solving problems
Term
Gestalt therapy
Definition
therapy that aims to integrate different and sometime opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self
Term
experiential therapies
Definition
interventions that recognize the importance of awareness, acceptance, and expression of feelings
Term
legotherapy
Definition
therapeutic approach that helps people find meaning in their lives
Term
behavior therapists
Definition
therapist who focuses on specific problem behaviors, and current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Term
systematic desensitization
Definition
patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner
Term
exposure therapy
Definition
therapy that confronts patients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear
Term
dismantling
Definition
research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment
Term
participant modeling
Definition
technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guies the patient through steps to cope with it unassisted
Term
token economy
Definition
method in which desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens that petinets can exchange for tangible rewards
Term
aversion therapy
Definition
treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors
Term
cognitive-behavior therapy
Definition
treatments that attempts to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more adaptive, rational cognitions
Term
group therapy
Definition
therapy that treats more than one person at a time
Term
pharmacotherapy
Definition
use of medications to treat psychological problems
Term
pharmacotherapy
Definition
use of medications to treat psychological problems
Term
electroconvulsive (ECT)
Definition
patients receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a seizure to treat seriuos psychological problems
Term
psychosurgery
Definition
brain surgery to treat psychological problems
Supporting users have an ad free experience!