Term
|
Definition
| theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small number (perhaps seven) of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal |
|
|
Term
| Motivation-structural Rules |
|
Definition
| deep-seated similarities in communication across most animal species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive Theories of Emotion |
|
Definition
| theory proposing that emotions are products of thinking |
|
|
Term
| James-Lange theory of emotion |
|
Definition
| theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory proposing that we use our 'gut reactions' to help us determine how we should act |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory prposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simulataneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory prposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an attribution (explanation) of that arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably toward it |
|
|
Term
| Facial Feedback Hypothesis |
|
Definition
| theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supposedly perfect physiological or behavioral indicator of lying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don't |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| questionnaires that presumably assess workers' tendency to steal or cheat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in way that minimize aversive states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand, and affect and performance on the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theories proposing that we're often motivated by positive goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| model, developed by Abraham Maslow, proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safet and security before progressing to more complex needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory holding that obese peole are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phase in human sexual response triggered by whatever prompts sexual interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phase in human sexual response following orgasm, in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of how people influence others' behavior, beliefs, and attitude |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enhancement of performance brought about by the presence of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of assinging causes to behavior |
|
|
Term
| Fundamental attribution error |
|
Definition
| tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people's behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory that we seek to evaluate our beliefs, attitudes, and abilities by comparing our reactions with others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social contagion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studies in which an experimenter systematically manipulates the independent variable to observe its effects on the dependent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual identities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking and sound decision making |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individiual group members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspecitve might be correct and then debunking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adherence to instructions from those of higher authority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion of Responsibility |
|
Definition
| reduction the feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conclusion regarding factual evidence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| belief that includes an emotional component |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| personality trait that assesses the extent to which people's behavior reflects their true feelings and attitudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors |
|
|
Term
| Impression Management Theory |
|
Definition
| theory that we don't really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviors appear consistent with out atttitudes |
|
|
Term
| foot-in-the-door technique |
|
Definition
| persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one |
|
|
Term
| door-in-the-face technique |
|
Definition
| persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all of the 'add-on' costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drawing conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolutionary principle that creates a presdisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to view all inidividuals outside our group as highly similar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| negative behavior toward memebers of out-groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of memebers of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group |
|
|
Term
| implicit and explicit stereotypes |
|
Definition
| beliefs about the characteristics of an out-group about which we're either unaware (implicit) or aware (explicit) |
|
|
Term
| ultimate attribution error |
|
Definition
| assumption that behaviors among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behavior across many situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person |
|
|
Term
| Molecular genetic studies |
|
Definition
| investigations thatr allow researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feeling of relief following a dramatic outpouring of emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the assumption that all psycholigcal events have a cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psyche's executive and principal decision maker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transformation of an anxiety provoking emtoino into its opposite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviors or failures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| avoiding emtoions assoiated with anxiety-provoking experiences by focusing on abstract and impersonal thoughts |
|
|
Term
| identification with the aggressor |
|
Definition
| process of adopting the characteristics of individuals we find threatening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sexually arousing zone of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conflict during stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supposed desire of girls to posses a penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theories derived from Freud's model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| according to Adler, each person's distinctive way of achieving superiority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| approach proposing that the most cruical features of personality are embedded in our language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| state of being unable to move just after falling asleep or right before waking up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour basis in many biological processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| term for the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus that's responsible for controlling our levels of alertness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| darting of the eyes underneath the closed eyelids during sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stages 1 thru 4 of the sleep cycle during which eye movements do not occur and dreaming is less frequent and vivid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stage of sleep during which the brain is most active and during which vivid dreaming most often occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficulty falling and staying asleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urge to move our legs or other body parts, often while attempting to sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder characterized by the rapid and often unexpected onset of sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion follow by a return to a deep sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| walking while fully asleep |
|
|
Term
| activation-synthesis theory |
|
Definition
| theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story |
|
|
Term
| out-of-body experience (OBE) |
|
Definition
| sense of our consciousness leaving our body |
|
|
Term
| near-death experiences (NDE) |
|
Definition
| out-of-body experiences reported by people who've nerly died or thought they were going to die |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feeling of reliving an experience that's new |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feelings of unity or oneness with the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of ritualized practices that train attention and awareness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
|
|
Term
| past life regression therapy |
|
Definition
| therapeutic approach that hypnotizes and supposedly age-regresses patients back to a previous life to identify the source of a present-day problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| approach to hypnosis based on people's attitudes, beliefs, and expectations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| approach to explaining hypnosis based on a separation between personality functions that re normally well integrated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals simialr to those found naturally in our brains that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug that exerts a calming effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug that exerts a sleep-inducing effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduction in the effect of a druge as a result of repeated use, requiring users to consumer greater quantities to achieve the same effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption of a drug that users had consumed habitually |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorientation, confusion, visual hallucinations, and memory problems, sometimes resulting from alcohol withdrawal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that increase activity in the central nervous system, including heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that relieve pain and induce sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causing dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and thought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for the mentally ill |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1960s and 1970s governmental policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people's perceptions and behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behavior in an attempt to avoid them |
|
|
Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
|
Definition
| continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intense fear of an object or situation that's greatly out of proportion to its actual threat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fear of being in a place of situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intense fear of objects, places, or situations that are greatly our of proportion to their actual threat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marked fear of public appearances in which embarrasment or humiliation is possible |
|
|
Term
| posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
|
Definition
| marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate causing marked distress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reptitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce or prevent stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fear of anxiety-related sensations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties |
|
|
Term
| cognitive model of depression |
|
Definition
| theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can't control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, inreased talkativeness, and irresponsible behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severe disorder of thought and emotion assciated with a loss of contact with reality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychological problems reflecting serious distortions in reality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor problems, ncluding extreme resistance to complying with simples suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a disthesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition in which personality traits appearing first in adolescence, are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations, and lead to distress or impairment |
|
|
Term
| borderline personality disorder |
|
Definition
| condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centeredness, and risk-taking |
|
|
Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
|
Definition
| condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| person with no professional training who provides mental health services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychoterapies, including psychodynamic and hunaistic-existential approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| technique in which patients express themselves without censorship of any sort |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with oncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions, and impulses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| projecting intense, unrealistic feelings and expectations from the past onto the therapist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to confront and resolve problems, conflicts, and ineffective coping responses in everyday life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems , conflicts, and life transitions |
|
|
Term
| humanistic-existential psychotherapy |
|
Definition
| therapies that share an emphasis on the devlopment of human potential and the blief that human nature is basically positive |
|
|
Term
| phenomenological approach |
|
Definition
| perspective in which therapists encounter patientis in terms of subjective phenomena (thoughts, feelings) in the present moment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| therapy centering on the patient's goals and ways of solving problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| therapy that aims to integrate different and sometime opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interventions that recognize the importance of awareness, acceptance, and expression of feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| therapeutic approach that helps people find meaning in their lives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| therapist who focuses on specific problem behaviors, and current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
|
|
Term
| systematic desensitization |
|
Definition
| patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| therapy that confronts patients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guies the patient through steps to cope with it unassisted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| method in which desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens that petinets can exchange for tangible rewards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors |
|
|
Term
| cognitive-behavior therapy |
|
Definition
| treatments that attempts to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more adaptive, rational cognitions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| therapy that treats more than one person at a time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of medications to treat psychological problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of medications to treat psychological problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patients receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a seizure to treat seriuos psychological problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain surgery to treat psychological problems |
|
|
