Shared Flashcard Set

Details

OFD safety and survival
Vincent Dunn
316
Other
Professional
09/18/2014

Additional Other Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Leading causes of death according to NFPA
Definition
  • Stress
  • Responding/returning to alarms
  • Fall/falling objects
  • Products of combustion and collapse
Term
Leading causes of FF injuries according to the NFPA
Definition
  • Wounds/cuts/bruises
  • Strains/sprains
  • Smoke or gas inhalation
  • Burn and eye injuries
Term
Dangerous FF tactics
Definition
  • Collapse rescue ops
  • Responding/returning alarms
  • Searching for a fire
  • Advancing an attack line
  • Operating on a peaked roof
  • Operating above a fire
  • Cellar fires
  • Propane gas fires
  • Aerial ops
Term
Secondary collapse of partially destroyed floor or wall during a rescue operation
Definition
Can kill more FF's than the victims already buried in the collapse rubble
Term
Collapse rescue plan
Definition

Includes: site survey of all six sides

  • Search collapsed rubble for surface victims
  • Void search
  • Selected debris removal and general debris removal
Term
Explosion 
Definition

is the second greatest danger to a FF performing collapse rescue work. When a bldg collapses, a gas main could rupture, gas pipes may break, gas cylinders inside the structure are often crushed nd broken

 

Term
Shutting of utilities
Definition
Is one of the most important assignments to be given by an officer in command of a collapse. Gas  should be the first utility that is secured
Term
General rule
Definition
Is to not use heavy mechanical equipment while rescuers are also digging with hand tools
Term
Specialized equipment needed at a collapse site include:
Definition
  • Cranes
  • Front-end loaders, dump trucks, bull dozers and tow trucks
Term
Fire
Definition
3rd greatest danger to rescue workers at a collapse site
Term
Cellars
Definition
  • Must be searched
  • Creates the largest and strongest void in a collapsed building
Term
Falling or stumbling
Definition
Most injuries FFs receive are caused by falling or stumbling  while climbing the uneven surface of the collapse rubble pile
Term
To minimize incidence of FF falls
Definition
  • FFs should reduce the amount of walking they do on the uneven pile; human chains  should be formed
Term
When several different groups are engaged in collapse rescue work:
Definition
One person should be in charge
Term
Defensive responding
Definition
It's knowing that certain riding positions on a fire truck are more dangerous than others
Term
Safest time to climb on to and step off a fire truck is:
Definition
When the apparatus is stationary
Term
Safety of the riding position most safe to least
Definition
  • Enclosed cab secured with seatbelt
  • Open cab secured with seatbelt
  • Back or side step secured with restraint device
  • Back or side stp with no restraint device
Term
Greatest danger to firefighter extinguishing a car fire in a highway
Definition
Oncoming speeding cars
Term
Warning devices (flares, triangles)
Definition
Should be placed 350ft from the apparatus and positioned so that they are visible for at least 350ft further which gives a vehicle 700ft to stop
Term
Vehicle stopping distance
Definition
  • Perception time
  • Reaction time
  • Braking distance
Term
Most common collision involving apparatus
Definition
Squeeze through
Term
3 flash phenomena that can trap and kill FFs
Definition

Rollover

flashover

flameover

Term
Rollover
Definition
Sudden sporadic flash or flame mixed with smoke appearing at the upper ceiling just before flashover occurs
Term
Most FF's are trapped on a floor above
Definition
Because they failed to size up the fire area below
Term
Flashover
Definition
Explosion of a smoke filled room into flame; it takes place after rollover
Term
Flame over occurs after flashover
Definition

Defined as a rapid flame spread over one or more surfaces during a fire

it is caused by sudden ignition of combustible vapors

Term
Flashover
Definition
Is the more dangerous of the 3 kinds of flash phenomena
Term
Very hot smoke that forces the FF to crouch down to enter a fire area;
Definition
Indicates a danger of flashover
Term
Best ways to prevent flashover
Definition
  • Water on fire early
  • Venting or nonventing (closing off room may deprive oxygen)
Term
Backdraft
Definition

An explosion caused by the combustion of a flammable gas-air mixture

triggered by the introduction of air into a confined space containing combustion gases

typically occur in main fire area after the air has been introduced to the area

Term
The only protection a FF has against an explosive blast
Definition
Is his/her PPE
Term
Complications of overcrowding behind an attack line
Definition
  • Can push attack team forward into a dangerous position
  • Escape from a backdraft can be hampered
  • Will inhibit an aggressive forward moving attack
Term
Never pass a fire
Definition
  • An inaccurate statement
  • never pass fire which threatens to spread or increase in size to cut off your retreat or escape
Term
Stairway fire
Definition
Request the stretching of a second line
Term
Ceiling collapse
Definition
Caused by water absorption into plaster from the hose stream
Term
To avoid falling through a floor
Definition
Firefighter should keep one leg outstretched when advancing a hose line
Term
To set master stream in operation
Definition
  • Coordination should occur among the following 3
  1. IC
  2. Interior sector command
  3. FF or officer in charge of the master stream
Term
One of the most dangerous assignments a FF can take is:
Definition
To go above the fire
Term
Deadly products of combustion
Definition
Rise upward and kill FF trapped above a fire
Term
Chain of events that lead to FF death when above a fire
Definition
  • FF becomes disoriented
  • FF unable to return to dooror window
  • Unable to find alternate escape
  • Overcome by smoke or toxic gases as FF runs out of air
  • FF is burned to death or falls victim to hyperthermia  
Term
3 types of stairway design
Definition
Open, enclosed and smoke proof
Term
Most dangerous stairway
Definition
Open it quickly becomes a chimney
Term
Smoke proof stairway
Definition
Is the most safest of the three
Term
Wood frame building
Definition
Poses the greatest danger to FF. vertical spread is more rapid in this type of structure
Term

Construction type

(most dangerous to least dangerous)

Definition
  • Wood frame
  • Ordinary
  • Heavy timber
  • Non combustible
  • Fire resistive
Term
Peaked roof
Definition

Most dangerous to operate off of.

no stairway fixed/ladder adjoining building that could provide safe access to a peaked roof, no parapet around the edge to keep a FF from walking off at night.

slippery. Built to support less weight. Designed to shed snow

Term
Peaked roof collapse danger
Definition
Burned out roof deck
Term
Protect against roof deck collapse 
Definition
Use a portable roof ladder
Term
Typical peaked roof construction
Definition
  • Roof shingle
  • Roof tar paper
  • Roof deck
  • Roof rafters
Term
3 most common types of roof rafter systems
Definition
  1. Timber truss
  2. Plank and beam 
  3. rafter construction spaced 16 inches on center
Term
Safest type of roof
Definition
A rafter system placed 16 inches apart
Term
Flat foot method
Definition
  • When walking on a roof
  • Bend both legs at the knees
  • Allows for FF to shift weight quickly and to compensate for the uneven surface of the roof
Term
Roof slopes greater than 30 degrees
Definition
Usually require the use of a roof ladder
Term
Slate and tile shingles
Definition
Are more dangerous to walk on than asphalt shingles
Term
Other roof hazards 
Definition
  • Climbing from a ground ladder
  • Roof rotting
  • Skylights
  • Scuttle covers
  • Disorientation
  • Fire cutting off escape
  • Ladder placement
Term
Types of below grade structures:
Definition
  • Crawl space
  • Basements
  • Cellars and sub cellars 
Term
Basement
Definition
  • Full story below grade
  • One half or more of its height is above grade level
Term
Crawl space
Definition
Small space beneath the lower floor of structure that allows access to wiring or plumbing
Term
Cellar
Definition
Below grade more than half it's height is below grade
Term
Subcellar
Definition
Underground level below a cellar
Term
Most dangerous below grade area
Definition
Cellar completely below street level without windows for ventilation
Term
Precautions to take when a cellar explosion
Definition
  • Stand clear of any windows
  • Avoid standing near the entrance opening that will vent the shock wave
  • Do not use a cinder block or masonry wall for protection 
  • Wear PPE
Term
Dangers of heavy storage material in cellars
Definition
Collapse of material and fire concealment
Term
Sidewalk cellar
Definition
  • Is the most dangerous 
  • No fire retarding enclosed at bottom of the stairs
Term
Definition of an explosion
Definition
Rapid ignition of a combustible gas/air mixture that results in shock waves, structural collapse and heat release
Term
FF most often asphyxiated fighting cellar fire
Definition
Because of limited ability to vent and sometimes impossible
Term
Bleve
Definition
Caused by the instant vaporization and ignition of the liquid propane released to the atmosphere when the cylinder blows apart
Term
Definition of an explosion
Definition
Rapid release of high pressure gases into the environment
Term
Propane cylinder fire tactics
Definition
  • Cool the top space of the container
  • Shut off gas by means of the control valve if possible
  • If the flow of burning gas cannot be shutoff; allow the propane cylinder to burn itself out
  • Use of hose stream to protect exposures
Term
  • Climbing ladders
Definition
  • Falls are a leading cause of fire ground death and injury
  • Falls from portable ladders happen most often when ladder moves, slips while FF is on it
Term
Safety precautions when removing a victim from a burning building onto an aerial ladder
Definition
  • FF should be out on aerial
  • Instruct person how to climb out of window
  • Guide victims feet onto rungs
  • Encourage victim to transfer weight on to aerial ladder
Term
Preventing a back draft
Definition
Vertical ventilation is the most effective means
Term
Backdraft vs. flashover
Definition
  • BD is an explosion
  • Flashover is not 
  • Both are rapid reactions
  • Flashover occurs during growth stage
  • Backdraft occurs during decay stage 
Term
Most FF's killed by falling walls
Definition
Are outside of the building
Term
A Wall can collapse in three different directions:
Definition
  1. 90 degree angle
  2. Inward outward
  3. Curtain fall
Term
90 degree angle wall collapse
Definition
Is the most dangerous because it creates the largest collapse danger zone
Term
Collapse zone
Definition
Use the stream of the hose to increase safety on the fireground. Typical handline has a 50 foot reach. Master stream has 100 ft reach.
Term
The greatest danger of wall collapse occurs during an outside attack on a fully involved church fire. The side walls usually support the truss roof timbers, when the roof collapses, it will cause the side walls to collapse outward.
Definition
Term
Outside venting
Definition
  • One of the most dangerous assignments
  • Often works alone
  • May have to climb a fence 
  • Raise lower a ladder
  • Ward off a dog
Term
Dangers of outside venting
Definition
  • Falling objects
  • Collapsing of structure
  • Falls off ladder, firescape or porch
  • Eye injuries (wear  eyeshields, proper fitting helmet and all PPE)
  • Cuts from brglass burns 
  • Burns from blast of hose
  • Window explodes out in your face
Term
Fire escapes
Definition

Provide valuable firefighting advantages in addition to their original purpose as a secondary means of egress.

  • Used as a means of access to open a window
  • Platform to vent a window
  • Place to launch a search or advance a hose line 
Term
Three types of fire escapes
Definition
  1. Exterior screened ( most safest)
  2. Party balcony
  3. Standard fire escape

Standard is the most hazardous: mechanical parts and narrow high-pitched stairway. Also most common.

Term
The most common cause of injury to a FF on a fire escape=
Definition
Step collapse
Term
Protect yourself from step failure
Definition
Climb each step as if its about to collapse
Term
Gooseneck ladder failure
Definition
Test it's fastening by pulling the ladder away from the wall or roof deck to which it is attached
Term
Smoldering mattress or chair
Definition
Never take down the elevator
Term
Throwing debris out the window
Definition
Can injure/kill fire personnel below
Term
Most FF who are electrocuted 
Definition
Are holding a metal tool or metallic piece of equipment that comes in contact with live electrical equipment
Term
The best protection of falling
Definition
Is a flashlight
Term
Moth and flame syndrome
Definition
  • Vulnerable to injury
  • Concentrating on flames and not on surrounding dangers
Term
More subsceptible to collapse
Definition

Bathroom

  • Weakened floor from years of leaking pipes and sweating
  • Fixtures create a heavy dead load
  • Small floor beams
  • Most poke-through holes and concealed avenues for fire spread
Term
Factors that influence fireground fire flow calculations
Definition
  • Fuel load
  • Layout of fire area
  • Access to fire area
Term

Above the fire OPS

Definition

Do not pass a floor on fire unless a charged hose line is in place on that floor.

stay close and face the wall when climbing/descending a stairwell.

Term
Cellar fires
Definition
  • SCBA required
  • Do not let the sense of an operating sprinkler give you a false sense of security-CO could be present
Term
Ladder climbing operations
Definition
When climbing in a window of a burned out or vacant building- drop your tools inside and listetour them to strike the floor
Term
Forcible entry
Definition
  • Control the door when forcing
  • Wear PPE When forcing door to protect against a backdraft
Term
wall collapse zone
Definition
  • Officer in command must establish a collapse zone
  • Zone should equal 1 1/2 times the full height of the building/wall
Term
Fire escape ops
Definition
  • Always have at least one hand firmly on a fire escape when climbing/descending
Term
walking on peaked roofs
Definition

Straddle or stay near the ridge rafter.

roof ops may need to be conducted off of the aerial ladder or platform if roof beams are in danger of collapse due to fire in the attic

Term
Overhauling- three safety actions must be taken by officer in command
Definition
  • Fresh air pumped into structure
  • Portable lights set up for visibility
  • Safety survey of the structure and contents
Term

Maximum feet a FF can go into a superheated smoke  filled room and return back to safety if flashover occurs is:

(point of no return)

Definition
Point of no return is Five feet
Term

Auto exposure 

Definition

Spread of flames from one floor to the floor above from the outside of building

FF climbing in window may have escape routes cut off by auto exposure

Term
Blasting agents
Definition
Explosive material used at construction sites for demolition
Term
BLEVE
Definition
  • Death from burns have killed FF's 250 feet away
  • Death caused by flying pieces shrapnel have killed FF's 800 feet away
Term
CO
Definition
  • Toxic products of combustion
  • Uncontrolled smoldering of a fire generates CO
Term
Convection
Definition
  • Transmission of heat upwards
  • Traps and kills FF'S operating both on floor above a fire and cellars
Term
Electric shock
Definition
  • Passes through the body
  • Causes death by violent muscle contractions of the heart
  • Interrupts breathing
  • Burns organs 


Term
High ceilings more than 10 feta above floor level
Definition
  • Can cause FF to misjudge signs of flashover
  • Such ceilings can allow dangerous heat and flame buildup to take place above the heads of FF's
Term
Mushrooming
Definition
Horizontal flow at ceiling level and the subsequent banking down to the floor
Term
Falls
Definition
Most occur at ground level
Term
Parapet wall
Definition
  • Freestanding wall.

Wall types:

  • parapet
  • Non bearing and bearing wall
  • Parapet is the least stable.
  • Bearing wall is the most stable

 

Term
Master streams
Definition
  • Ground based or aerial 
  • Capable of delivering more than 300 gallons of water per min
  • General rule is not allow FFs to be interior while master streams are in use
  • Heavy streams can cause collapse
Term
Overhauling
Definition
Often takes place after the fire is under control
Term
FF's best protection against flame is:
Definition
Water from an attack hose
Term
Smoke
Definition
  • Consists of finely devided particles of soot and aerosols that accompany an uncontrolled fire
  • Incomplete combustion
Term
Residential buildings
Definition
  • One and two family type houses
  • Most commonly injure or kill FF's
Term
Tunnel vision
Definition
  • Psychological visual phenomenon that is experienced by FF during stressful firefighting
  • Causes accidents by hurried FF's
Term
When conducting a search in a collapes what are four tools you will require?
Definition
Rope, SCBA, Flashlight, Radio
Term
What are four dangers in the celler area below a collapsed structure?
Definition
1,CO- Carbon monoxide
2,Oxygen displacement by water
3,Toxic liquids
4,Drowning
Term
What are three dangers faced in a building collape?
Definition
Endery Collapse
Explosive gases
Fire potential
Term
List the most common type of injuries for firefighters in presidence from 1 thru 5
Definition
1, Strains and sprains
2, Cuts, bruises, wounds
3, Smoke or gas inhalation
4, Burns
5, eye injuries
Term
What are top five causes of firefighter deaths in presidence?
Definition
1, Stress
2, Responding and returning from
incidents
3, Falls, falling objects
4, Products of combustion
5, Collapes
Term
On average, each year how many firefighter's are injured in the line of duty?
Definition
100,000
Term
On average, each year how many firefighter's die in the line of duty?
Definition
100-130
Term
True-False? A hose line attack is the most basic firefighting service we provide?
Definition
True
Term
Where would be a common place to find a terrazo floor?
Definition
Resturant
Term
A danger and consideration of trrrazzo floors is...
Definition
That they conceal the size and intensity of a fire
Term
What objects should you aviod around the floor area during or after a fire?
Definition
Heavey objects such as refrigerators and stoves
Term
True-False: A common danger with bathroom floors after a fire is that they can easily collapes.
Definition
True
Term
A safe operating procedure against floor collapse is...
Definition
to use the reach of the hose stream
Term
True-False: When wind velocity is in excess of 30 MPH conflaguration exisit
Definition
True
Term
What is the point of no return?

How far in is it?
Definition
It's the maximum distance a fully equiped firefighter can advance in a fire room and escape flashover

It is 5 feet
Term
What is reflash?

What are they caused by?
Definition
Sudden ignition of flamable gases or smoke after the fire has been knocked

It's caused by foamed plastic mattresses and fuel oil burners
Term
What fires kill the most firefighters?
1, Residentail fires
2, Wildland fires
3, Mercantile /offices fires
Definition
Residentail
Term
What fires kill the most firefighters?
1, Residentail fires
2, Wildland fires
3, Mercantile /offices fires
Definition
Residentail
Term
During a fire which type wall is the least stable?
1, Parapet
2, Non-bearing
3, Bearing wall
Definition
Parapet
Term
The number 4 on the NFPA 704 diamond
Definition
Signifies a hazard too hazardous for firefighting equipment.
Withdraw
Term
A sudden explosive flaming of a brush fire caused by a strong wind gust is called...
Definition
A flare up
Term
A collapse rescue plan includes:
Definition
site survey of all six sides of the collapsed building, search the collapsed rubble for surface victims, void search, selected debris removal and general debris removal
Term
What can kill more firefighters than the victims already buried in the collapse rubble?
Definition
A secondary collapse of a partially destroyed floor or wall during a rescue operation
Term
What is the second greatest danger to a firefighter performing collapse rescue work?
Definition
Explosion! When a building collapses, a gas main can rupture, gas pipes may break, and gas cylinders inside the structure are often crushed and broken.
Term
What is one the the most important assignments to be given by an officer in command of a collapse?
Definition
Shutting off utilities...Gas should be the first utility that is secured.
Term
What is the third greates danger to rescue workers at a collapse site?
Definition
FIRE!!!
Term
Specialized equipment needed at a collapse site include:
Definition
cranes, front-end loaders, dump truckers, bulldozers and tow trucks
Term
What is the general rule in saving buried victims?
Definition
to not use heavy mechanical equipment while rescue workers are also digging with hand tools for buried victims
Term
Cellars must be searched when looking for trapped people because...
Definition
this area creates the largest and strongest void in a collapsed building
Term
Most injuries that FF receive during a collapse rescue operation are caused by...
Definition
falling or stumbling while climbing the uneven surface of the collapse rubber pile.
Term
To minimize the incidence of falls, FF should...
Definition
reduce the amount of walking they do on the uneven collapse rubble pile; human chains should be formed.
Term
What should one person do when several different groups are engaged in collapse rescue work?
Definition
one person should be in charge of scene
Term
What is defensive responding?
Definition
It’s knowing that certain riding positions on a fire truck are more dangerous than others and using the safest one available; its knowing the safest side of the fire truck to climb aboard when responding; its knowing how dangerous roadway intersections are to a responding fire apparatus; its knowing how to assist the driver of the fire truck through a narrow roadway or past double-parked cars; its knowing how to operate safely at a fire on a high-speed highway; its knowing that the entire company, not just the driver and the officer are responsible for the safe arrival of the apparatus to/from the call
Term
When is the safest time to climb on to and step off a fire truck?
Definition
when the apparatus is stationary
Term
What is the safety of the riding position on a modern fire apparatus (most safe to least safe)?
Definition
enclosed cab secured with seat belt, open cab and secured with seat belt, back step or side step secured with restraint device and back step or side step wearing no restraint device
Term
What is the greatest danger to FF extinguishing a car fire on a highway?
Definition
oncoming speeding cars and trucks
Term
What is Vehicle stopping distance?
Definition
= perception time +reaction time+braking distance
Term
How should warning devices (flares/triangles) be placed?
Definition
350 feet from the apparatus and positioned so that they are visible to an oncoming motorist for at least 350 further; this gives a vehicle(s) 700 feet to stop
Term
What accidents are most deadly?
Definition
Intersections accidents
Term
"Squeeze through" is...
Definition
the most common collision involving fire apparatus. Occurs when the apparatus must squeeze through a narrow space.
Term
What are three flash phenomena that can trap and kill firefighters?
Definition
rollover, flashover and flameover
Term
What is a Rollover?
Definition
sudden, sporadic flash or flame mixed with smoke appearing at the upper ceiling just before flashover occurs. It is a warning for firefighters to withdraw
Term
Define Flashover
Definition
explosion of a smoke-filled room into flame; it takes place after rollover. Defined as the result of thermal feedback (re-radiation) from ceiling and upper walls that have been heated by a fire in a room
Term
Fire is divided into what three periods?
Definition
growth, full and decay stage
Term
What is a flameover?
Definition
occurs after flashover; defined as rapid flame spread over one or more surfaces during a fire, it is caused by sudden ignition of combustible vapors that are produced from a heated surface
Term
What is the most dangerous of the three kinds of flash phenomena?
Definition
Flashover!!!
Term
What indicates a danger of flashover?
Definition
Very hot smoke, which forces a FF to crouch down to enter a fire area
Term
What is the best way(s) to prevent flashover?
Definition
water on the fire early, venting or not venting (closing off a room may cause deprivation of oxygen)
Term
What is an indicator of flashover?
Definition
High heat
Term
What is Backdraft?
Definition
an explosion caused by the combustion of a flammable gas-air mixture; it is triggered by the introduction of air into a confined space containing combustion gases, from a long-burning fire, that are heated to their ignition temperatures
Term
When doing a search, what can prevent rollover?
Definition
closing the door to the area involved
Term
Backdrafts typically occur...
Definition
in the main fire area several moments after the air has been introduced to the area
Term
What is the only protection a FF has against an explosive blast?
Definition
His/Her PPE
Term
What are the complications of overcrowding behind an attack line?
Definition
additional FF can push attack team member forward into a dangerous position, escape from a backdraft can be hampered by extra FF and crowding will inhibit an aggressive forward moving attack
Term
"Never pass fire" is a ________ statement
Definition
An inaccurate statement...“Never pass fire which threatens to spread or increase in size to cut off your retreat or escape or never pass fire if a second hose line has not been stretched when there exists a threat of fire spread or increase in size that could cut your retreat or escape.”
Term
What should you request during a stairway fire?
Definition
request the stretching of a second line
Term
Ceiling collapse is caused by what?
Definition
water absorption into plaster from the hose stream
Term
To avoid falling through a floor, FF should...
Definition
keep one leg outstretched when advancing a hoseline
Term
To set a master stream in operation, coordination must occur among the following three people:
Definition
IC, interior sector command and the FF or Officer in charge of the master stream.
Term
What is the most dangerous assignments a FF can take?
Definition
to go above the fire
Term
Why is going above the fire dangerous?
Definition
Deadly products of combustion rise upward and kill FF trapped above a fire
Term
What are the chain of events that lead to FF death when above a fire?
Definition
FF becomes disoriented, FF unable to return to the door or window he has just entered and is unable to find an alternate escape, FF is overcome by smoke or toxic gases as he/she runs out of air, FF is burned to death or falls victim to hyperthermia.
Term
What causes 25% of FF deaths per year?
Definition
Flame and heath
Term
Why do we operate above a fire?
Definition
to search for trapped occupants, to search for vertical fire spread and to protect people trapped on a top floor during a shaft fire.
Term
Most FF are trapped on a floor above because...
Definition
they failed to size up the fire area below. If the fire appears beyond the control of the FF operating the hose line, do not go above the fire
Term
What are three types of stairway design?
Definition
open, enclosed and smoke-proof stairway
Term
Why would an open stairway be dangerous to a FF?
Definition
It quickly becomes a chimney
Term
What is the safest of the three stairways?
Definition
Smoke-proof stairway
Term
The wood-frame building poses the greatest danger to FF because...
Definition
vertical fire spread is more rapid in this type of structure
Term
List the Construction type (most dangerous to least dangerous):
Definition
wood frame, ordinary, heavy timber, non-combustible and fire resistive
Term
What is the most dangerous roof to operate off of?
Definition
Peaked Roof
Term
List several ways a peaked roof is more dangerous than a flat roof:
Definition
there is no stairway/fixed ladder/adjoining building that can provide safe access to a peaked roof; no parapet around the edge to keep a FF from walking off or falling off at night; surface of a sloping roof can be slippery; peaked roof is built to support less weight than a flat roof because it has been designed to shed snow
Term
What is a typical peaked-roof construction?
Definition
roof shingle, roof tar paper, roof deck and roof rafters
Term
What is the most common type of peaked roof collapse danger?
Definition
A burned out roof deck
Term
What should you do to protect against roof deck collapse?
Definition
use a portable roof ladder
Term
List three common types of roof rafter systems:
Definition
timber truss, plank-and-beam and rafter construction spaced 16 inches on center
Term
How should a rafter system be placed?
Definition
16 inches on center is the safest type for roof operations
Term
What should be used when walking on a roof?
Definition
Use the FLAT FOOT method...Bend both legs at the knees; this allows a FF to shift weight quickly and to compensate for the uneven surface of the roof.
Term
It is required to use a roof ladder when...
Definition
Roof slopes greater than 30 degrees
Term
What are the most dangerous to walk on than asphalt shingles?
Definition
Slate and tile shingles
Term
List some other roof hazards:
Definition
climbing from a ground ladder to a roof ladder, roof rotting, skylights, scuttle covers, disorientation, fire cutting off escape and ladder placement.
Term
What are some types of below grade structures:
Definition
crawl spaces, basements, cellars and subcellars
Term
Define Crawl Space
Definition
small space beneath the lower floor of a structure that allows access to wiring or plumbing
Term
What is a basement?
Definition
full story below grade; one half or more of its height is above grade level
Term
A Cellar is...
Definition
below-grade area that has more than half its height below grade
Term
What is a Sub-cellar?
Definition
underground level below a cellar
Term
What is the most dangerous below-grade area?
Definition
a cellar completely below street level, without windows for ventilation
Term
What cellar is the most dangerous?
Definition
Sidewalk cellar entrance is the most dangerous. This type of cellar entrance has no fire-retarding enclose at the bottom of the stairs
Term
What are the dangers of cellar storage material?
Definition
collapse of material and fire concealment. A fire in a cellar must be located before it can be extinguished
Term
An explosion is...
Definition
rapid ignition of a combustible gas/air mixture that results in shock waves, structural collapse and heat release
Term
Why is a cellar the most confined space?
Definition
A cellar is the most confined space in a building because there are fewer windows and doors leading to fresh air....Confinement increases the chances of combustible gas explosion
Term
What precautions must you take when a cellar explosion is anticipated?
Definition
stand clear of any windows, avoid standing near the entrance opening that will vent the pressure or shock wave, do not use a cinder block or masonry wall for protection, and wear PPE
Term
FF are most often asphyxiated fighting cellar fires because...
Definition
their ability to vent a below-grade cellar is limited and sometimes impossible
Term
What should you suspect when unsuccessfully searching the first floor for the fire origin during a long period of time?
Definition
a CELLAR FIRE!
Term
What is BLEVE?
Definition
caused by the instant vaporization and ignition of the liquid propane released to the atmosphere when the cylinder blows apart
Term
List some propane cyliner fire tactics:
Definition
cool the top space of the container, shut off the gas by means of the control valve if possible; if the flow of burning gas cannot be shut off, allow the propane cylinder to burn itself out, and use the hose stream to protect exposures
Term
Each year, most FF are killed battling...
Definition
residence building fires, brush and forest fires, and store fires, in that order
Term
What are three classifications of wildfires?
Definition
ground, surface and crown fires
Term
What is the safest area to fight a brush fire?
Definition
The burned area
Term
What are the typical injuries that occur during brush fires?
Definition
eye injuries, falls and heat exhaustion
Term
What are the priorities of fighting wildfires?
Definition
protection of life (civilian and firefighter), property protection and fire containment
Term
What should firefighters realize when climbing a ladder?
Definition
that falls are a leading cause of fireground death and injury.
Term
What are the safety precautions when removing a victim from a burning building onto an aerial ladder?
Definition
FF should be out on the aerial, person should be instructed as how to climb out of the window, victim’s feet should be guided onto the rungs, and victim should be encouraged to transfer his body weight to the aerial.
Term
What are the causes of explosions within a building?
Definition
gas meter, vapors from arsonist’s flammable liquids, propane cylinders, window air conditioners, kerosene containers and backdrafts.
Term
What's the difference between a backdraft and a flashover?
Definition
backdraft is an explosion, flashover is not; both are rapid combustion reactions; flashover occurs during the growth stage, backdraft occurs during the decay stage; additional oxygen is the triggering event for backdraft, heat is the triggering event for flashover.
Term
List five ways to safeguard against an explosion:
Definition
contain the explosion, vent its effects, quench the explosion with an extinguishing agent, isolate it from people, or “dump or remove” the explosive material
Term
What is the most effective way of preventing a backdraft?
Definition
Vertical ventilation
Term
A wall can collapse in three different directions:
Definition
90-degree angle, inward-outward and in a curtain-fall collapse
Term
Why is the 90-degree angle wall collapse the most dangerous?
Definition
because it creates the largest collapse danger zone
Term
What should you use to increase safety on the fireground?
Definition
Use the reach of a hose stream...typical handline has a 50 foot reach; master stream has a 100 foot reach
Term
Why is outside venting one of the most dangerous assignments?
Definition
FF assigned this duty often works alone; sometimes at the rear or side of the building; may have to climb over a fence; raise lower a ladder; ward off an attacking dog
Term
What are the precautions FF can take to avoid injuries from falling objects during outside venting?
Definition
wearing eyeshields; proper fitting helmet; avoiding the tendency to look up on the sound of breaking glass.
Term
Outside venting FF climbing ground ladders can be injured in two ways:
Definition
by placing the base of the ladder at a precarious angle, from which it slides out under the climbing FF, and he falls from the ladder; or by falling off the tip of the ladder, because the window explodes outward into his face as he is about to vent it.
Term
What are the dangers of outside venting?
Definition
falling objects around the perimeter of a building, falls from ladders/porch roofs/fire escapes, cuts from broken glass from vented windows, flashover during search and rescue operations, and burns from the blast of a hose stream when operating at the rear of the fire building.
Term
Fire escapes possess valuable firefighting because...
Definition
firefighting advantages in addition to their original purpose as a secondary means of escape. Can be used as a means of access to open a window instead of forcing a door, platform to vent a window, place to launch a search or rescue mission, or to start a hoseline advancement.
Term
List three types of fire escapes:
Definition
exterior screened stairway (most safest), party balcony and the standard fire escape
Term
Why is the standard fire escape the most hazardous?
Definition
mechanical parts and narrow high-pitched stairway. Also the most common.
Term
What is the most common injury to FF on a fire escape?
Definition
step collapse
Term
To protect yourself frmo step failure while operating on a fire escape, you should...
Definition
remain aware of the danger at all times and climb each step as if it were about to collapse.
Term
To protect yourself from gooseneck ladder failure, you should...
Definition
test its fastening by pulling the ladder away from the wall or roof deck to which it is attached.
Term
When a blaze is extinguished, the first overhauling action taken(after safeguarding the furniture) is...
Definition
pulling down sections of ceiling over the fire area to check for hidden flames or smoldering wood beams.
Term
You should never throw debris out a window because...
Definition
it can injure/kill personnel below
Term
Why are most FF electrocuted?
Definition
Most FF who are electrocuted are not directing hose streams-they are holding a metal tool or a metallic piece of equipment that comes in contact with live electrical equipment
Term
What is the best protection against suffering a fall on the fireground?
Definition
A FLASHLIGHT
Term
What is Moth and Flame Syndrome?
Definition
FF becomes vulnerable to injury when he is concentrating on the flames and not on the surrounding dangers
Term
What is the most dangerous floor collapse area inside a burned-out structure?
Definition
the BATHROOM
Term
What are some reasons why the bathroom floor is more susceptible to collapse?
Definition
fixtures create a heavy dead load, small floor beams in older buildings, weakened floor joist from years of leaking water pipes and sweating; floor joist destroyed because bathrooms contain the most poke-through holes and concealed avenues of fire spread.
Term
All firefighting decisions can be made using these firefighting guidelines:
Definition
protection of life (civilian and firefighter), fire containment and property protection.
Term
What is the highest goal of the fire service?
Definition
The protection of life
Term
List three reasons why a fire officer orders an outside attack on a fire:
Definition
FF is unable to advance an inside attack hoseline; the structure is too dangerous; or there is a shortage of backup resources to respond if the interior attack were to fail.
Term
What is the major reason why FF are unable to fight a fire using inside hose streams?
Definition
Heat
Term
What is another problem that can prevent an inside attack on a fire?
Definition
Wind
Term
What is the Fire Flow Formula?
Definition
length x width of fire area/3 x % of flame of room or area
Term
Factors that influence fireground fire flow calculations:
Definition
fuel load, layout of the fire area and access to the fire area
Term
What is the process of Above-the-Fire Operations:
Definition
when stretching line to upper floor, do not pass a floor on fire unless a charge hoseline is in position on that floor; notify your officer when going above a fire to search for a victim or extension; stay close and face the wall when climbing/descending a stairwell; locate a second exit if you enter a smoke-filled and heat-filled room, or apartment above a fire and suspect flashover conditions
Term
Advancing a Hose Line is...
Definition
crouch down and keep one leg outstretched; vent the roof skylight over the fire before advancing a hoseline; vent windows and doors and stand to one side when backdraft or explosion signs show
Term
Define Cellar Firs
Definition
SCBA required when going into a cellar; notify officer and wear SCBA when going into basement to shut off utilities; do not let the presence of an operating sprinkler give you a false sense of security (wear your SCBA, CO can be present)
Term
What is a Collapse rescue?
Definition
at any collapse, stretch and charge a hoseline; shut off all utilities; never allow hand crews and heavy equipment to work at the same time; shore up sections of a structure that are in danger of collapsing
Term
During Fire Escape Operations, you should...
Definition
always have at least one hand firmly on a fire escape when climbing/descending; before climbing a gooseneck ladder, check its stability; stand away from weights when lowering a counterbalance weighted ladder, weights may collapse from the impact of the ladder striking the sidewalk
Term
What is Forcible Entr Operations?
Definition
control the door when forcing; wear PPE when forcing door to protect against a potential backdraft
Term
During Ladder-Climbing Operations:
Definition
place tools on floor inside a window when coming off a ladder (this frees up both hands); use a ladder belt when climbing on an aerial; FF should never be up on an aerial ladder while it is being raised/rotated/extended; when climbing into a window of a burned-out or vacant building, drop your tools inside and listen for them to strike the floor
Term
With Wall Collapse Dangers:
Definition
whenever the re is danger of collapse, an officer in command must establish a collapse zone, zone should equal the height of the structure; collapse zone for an aerial stream will vary from the zone for ground stream operations; take a flanking position if the collapse zone is greater than the reach of hose streams; greatest danger of a wall collapse occurs during an outside attack on a fully involved church fire.
Term
When overhauling, list three safety actions must be taken by the officer in command
Definition
(fresh air pumped into the structure, portable lights set up for visibility and a safety survey of the structure and contents); FF in possession of a properly charged hand light; burned out bathroom having high danger for floor collapse.
Term
When fighting Propane Cylinder Fires:
Definition
full PPE; direct hose stream at top of tank; use of wide fog pattern when Ff attempting to shut off control valve of cylinder.
Term
Roof Operations:
Definition
when walking on a peaked roof, straddle or stay near the ridge rafter; walk flat foot on the roof; use a roof ladder when there is danger of peaked-roof deck burn-through; roof operations should be conducted from an aerial ladder or aerial platform when peaked-roof beams are in danger of collapse due to fire in the attic; FF should not walk on a peaked roof with a slope of more than 30 degree angle
Term
What should you do when searching for the Location of a Fire?
Definition
practice safe and organized search methods to prevent injury during flashover; know warning signs of flashover.
Term
Why flashover phenomenon has been more common in recent times:
Definition
use of smoke detectors, firefighters are arriving at the scene earlier in the growth process of the fire, frequently before flashover; synthetic furnishings are liberating a greater amount of heat and flammable gases; improved PPE has allowed FF to enter farther into superheated atmospheres prior to flashover; thermal windows and energy-efficient heat barriers hold more heat within a confined space of the room
Term
What is Outside Venting?
Definition
when operating around the perimeter performing ventilation, take precautions to avoid injury from falling objects; to determine proper angle of a ground ladder, stand erect at the base of the ladder with boots against the ladder beams and your outstretched arms grasping the rungs at shoulder level; when you cannot open a window manually to vent smoke and you must break glass, stand to one side and use a pike pole for safe reach; five feet is the maximum a FF can go into a superheated, smoke filled room and return back to safety if flashover occurs.
Term
Wildfire Operations:
Definition
when moving through a brush fire, the FF should raise a tool or arm in front of the face as he moves to prevent eye injuries; never enter brush that is over your head and reduces your vision, if the wind changes, you are in danger of being engulfed by fire in the brush; when the wind frequently changes direction during a brush fire operation, the safest location from which to attack the fire is in the black area; FF are most often killed during small fires, FF should attack fires from the flank; three most common injuries to FF during brush fires are eye injuries, falls and heat exhaustion. To lessen the possibility of exhaustion, due the following: have ample rest periods, adequate water supply and remove PPE when safety permits
Term
What is auto exposure?
Definition
spread of flames from one floor to the floor above from outside of the building. FF entering a window on the floor above a fire can have escape routes cut off by auto-exposure
Term
What is a backdraft?
Definition
explosion caused by rapid ignition of fire gases occurring in a burning room that has been tightly sealed up
Term
What are blasting agents?
Definition
explosive material widely used at construction sites for demolition
Term
Define BLEVE
Definition
boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion that occurs when a container of liquefied petroleum gas ruptures. Death from burns have killed FF 250 feet away; death caused by flying pieces of shrapnel have killed FF 800 feet away
Term
What is Boil-over?
Definition
sudden eruption of hot oil over the top of a large burning crude oil storage tank. A boil-over can occur after water from hose stream sinks to the bottom of the burning oil and is heated to its boiling temperature
Term
Define CO gas
Definition
toxic product of combustion; uncontrolled smoldering of a fire generates CO
Term
What is a cellar?
Definition
below grade level in a building. FF die as a result of CO accumulation in this portion of a structure
Term
A collapse danger zone is...
Definition
most deadly area on the fireground. A FF should never enter a collapse zone after it has been declared
Term
A Collapsing structure:
Definition
defined as any portion of a burning structure that collapses due to fire damage. Structural collapse is the fourth leading cause of FF death.
Term
What is a Commericial building fire?
Definition
this type of fire is more dangerous than a residential fire. Additional dangers found in commercial structures include: dangerous chemicals and flammable liquids, dangerous machinery, unusual floor layout, heavier floor loads, larger floor areas, high ceilings and greater fuel loads.
Term
Define Convection currents
Definition
transmission of heat upward through flames and heated smoke. Convection currents trap and kill FF operating both on the floor above a fire and in cellars
Term
Disorientation is...
Definition
loss of sense of direction experienced by FF when searching in a smoke-filled room. Caused by the obscuring smoke and the failure to use an organized search technique when moving around such a room. Most FF who die from disorientation, die as a result of flashover or asphyxiation
Term
Electric Shock is...
Definition
electricity passing through the body may bring about death by causing violent muscular contractions of the heart, interrupting the breathing process or by burning vital organs in the path of the electric current through the body
Term
Elevator can kill FF in the following ways;
Definition
elevator may call to the floor on fire; elevator stops between floors carrying FF, shaft becomes a flue for flames and smoke; elevator falls down the elevator shaftway have also killed FF
Term
What is an explosion?
Definition
violent combustion reaction of fuel, oxygen and heat which creates rapid expansion of gases strong enough to collapse an enclosing structure or to create shock waves that break glass windows or knock down FF near the explosion. Explosions include: BLEVE, backdraft and a smoke explosion
Term
What are Explosives?
Definition
materials, usually solids, that undergo explosive decomposition when subjected to shock, heat or pressure. Three categories include: primary high, secondary high and low explosives. DOT four classifications are: Class A, B, C or blasting agents
Term
What is the second leading cause of FF death?
Definition
FALLING!!!Most deadly falls occur from elevation: falls from responding apparatus, falls from roofs of burning buildings, and falls from fire department ladders; however, most falls occur at ground level
Term
What is a Falling Object?
Definition
the perimeter is the most dangerous area on the fireground. To escape the danger of falling objects (but not the collapse), get inside the building or stay away from the perimeter of the burning building
Term
FLAME is...
Definition
the luminous zone of combustion when one gas burns in another. Thermal burns to FF are one of the third categories of FF death. A FF best protection against flame is water from an attack hose. Nothing can protect a FF from prolonged exposure to flame
Term
What is a Flameover?
Definition
flash fire which occurs over the surface of a wall, ceiling or floor. It is caused by the sudden ignition of combustible vapors that are produced by heating the surface of that wall, ceiling or floor. Flameover fires trap FF searching for fires and advancing hoselines down hallways.
Term
Flammable-vapor explosion is caused by what?
Definition
the instant ignition of flammable vapors and gases mixed in air and set off by a source of heat. Often occurs during fires started by an arsonist, who uses a flammable liquid to hasten the spread of a fire
Term
What is a Flare-Up?
Definition
sudden explosive flaming of a brush fire caused by a strong wind gust or change in wind direction. FF working in high, dense brush, such as cattails have been trapped and killed by flare-ups
Term
Flash fire is...
Definition
sudden rapid ignition and the immediate self-extinguishment of a room filled with a combustible atmosphere. Caused by pockets of combustible gases, vapors or dusts which suddenly come in contact with a nearby ignition source
Term
What is a Flashover?
Definition
rapid ignition of heated fire gases and smoke that have built up in a burning room. Caused by thermal radiation feedback, sometimes called re-radiation, from the ceilings and upper walls, which have been heated by the fire growing in the room. Flashover means full room involvement with fire; it takes place during the growth stage of a fire
Term
What is considered Hazardous material?
Definition
any substance that causes death or disabling injury in a brief exposure. Most common hazardous materials are products of combustion: flame, heat, toxic gases and smoke. Fire kills more FF than any other hazardous material
Term
What is the head of a wildfire?
Definition
fast-moving leading edge along which a grass fire, brush fire, or treetop fire (crown) is advancing. The head of a wildfire is the most dangerous area of the fireground
Term
Define heat
Definition
product of combustion. Heat is associated with the natural motion of molecules; the faster the molecules of a material move, the hotter the material becomes. Dry temperatures above 280 or 320 degrees will cause extreme pain to unprotected skin
Term
Define High Ceilings
Definition
more than 10 feet above floor level constitute a danger to FF. Such ceilings can allow dangerous heat and flame build-up to take place above the heads of FF searching in smoke. High ceilings cause FF to misjudge signs of flashover
Term
What is considered a large-area occupancy?
Definition
enclosure greater in size than 25 by 50 feet with no interior enclosing partitions. Causes FF to be disoriented by smoke; makes searching more dangerous
Term
What is a Master stream?
Definition
ground-based or aerial nozzle with a fog or straight stream capable of delivering more than 300 gallons of water per minute to a fire. Heavy streams have caused building collapse; general rule is to not allow interior FF to take place while master stream(s) are in use
Term
Describe Mushrooming
Definition
the horizontal flow at ceiling level and the subsequent banking down to floor level of smoke and heat generated by a fire in a confined space. Occurs more rapidly in small rooms
Term
Can kill a FF if he does not know what it means
Definition
Number 4: printed on the NFPA 704 marking system. Warns us that the hazard in the room or container is too dangerous to approach.
Term
Overhauling:
Definition
often takes place after the fire is under control. FF have often been killed in this stage due to the following: collapsing buildings, falls into open shaftways in darkness, CO build up in below grade areas, electrocution, stress from the exertion of pulling down ceilings and gas explosion.
Term
What is a Parapet wall?
Definition
freestanding wall. Wall types: parapet, non-bearing and bearing wall. Parapet is the least stable and the bearing wall is the most stable.
Term
What is a peaked roof?
Definition
sloping roof supported at its highest point by a ridge rafter and at its lowest by a bearing wall. Dangers of a peaked roof: collapse, ladders required to gain access, no parapet wall to keep a FF from falling off
Term
What is Plastic?
Definition
material that contains one or more organic polymeric substances of large molecular weight. Produces high heat, and smoke. The rapid rate at which plastic burns speeds up flashover inside a room
Term
What is the "point of no return?"
Definition
maximum distance that a fully equipped FF can crawl inside a superheated, smoke-filled room and still escape alive if a flashover occurs. The point of no return is five feet inside a doorway or window
Term
What is Reflash fire (also called flashback)?
Definition
is the sudden ignition of flammable gases or smoke inside a smoldering, burned-out room where the initial fire has just been extinguished by a portable extinguisher or hose stream. Reflash fires often trap FF making a quick primary search after the fire has been extinguished.
Term
Residence building is...
Definition
one and two-family type of house; these type of occupancies most commonly injure or kill FF
Term
What is a Rollover?
Definition
sporadic ignition of combustible gases at ceiling level during the growth stage of a fire; it occurs before the room flashes over. Rollover, along with high heat and a smoke level banked down to half the height of a room in a residential building, are warning signs of flashover.
Term
Define Smoke
Definition
consists of finely divided particles of soot and aerosols which accompany an uncontrolled fire. Smoke caused by incomplete combustion kills and injuries FF. To reduce the dangers of smoke during a fire, ventilate the smoke-filled area in a coordinated, controlled manner.
Term
Smoke explosions are caused by what?
Definition
by the rapid accumulation of combustible, smoke-filled atmospheres in confined spaces during a structural fire. Often occur in the main fire area during the growth stage of a fire and in its decay stage. When smoke explosion occurs in the main fire area during the decay stage of the fire, it is sometimes called a “backdraft explosion.”
Term
Speed is...
Definition
urgency with which FF are required to perform dangerous tasks in the vicinity of a life-threatening fire. Do not become caught up in the excitement of the fireground scene
Term
What is STRESS???
Definition
is the physical and psychological exertion and pressure caused by the demands and dangers of Firefighting. Stress can cause a cardiac arrest, stroke, aneurysm. FF aged 46 to 51 are those most often killed by the stress of FF
Term
What is a tailboard (backstep)?
Definition
FF riding on the tail board or side step of a responding apparatus are often killed during a collision, short stop or sharp turn. One of the most dangerous actions a FF can take while responding to an alarm is to ride on the tailboard or side step
Term
What is the definition of TRUSS?
Definition
structure composed of wooden or steel members joined together in a group of triangles, fastened by metal bolts, sheet metal surface fasteners or welds
Term
What is a Tunnel vision?
Definition
psychological visual phenomenon that is experience by FF during stressful firefighting situations. Tunnel vision and the hurried pace of firefighting causes accidents that could be avoided by a size-up of the entire fire and a slower pace
Term
Describe an uncontrolled environment:
Definition
dangerous, smoke-filled, collapse-prone, explosive atmosphere in which a FF works
Term
What does visibility reduction contribute to?
Definition
cause of fireground death and injury due to increased amounts of smoke and darkness. All FF should carry a personal flashlight. Poor visibility at fires is caused by smoke, darkness, mask facepieces, tunnel vision, and the interior of a structure due to electricity being cut off.
Term
LESSONS LEARNED:
Definition
there are no new lessons to be learned from a FF death or injury. The cause of a tragedy is usually an old lesson we have not learned or have forgotten along the way
Supporting users have an ad free experience!