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oedema and fluid alterations
tutor notes 20.8.14
19
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
09/23/2014

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Cards

Term
Distrubution of body fluids
Definition

2/3 intracellular 

1/3 extracellular

Term
Factors contributing to an increase in blood sodium concentration (3)
Definition

decrease in body water,

decrease in blood volume 

or increase in sodium

Term
what is stimulated when blood sodium content is increased
Definition
osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
Term
what two things are stimulated when osmoreceptors are stimulated
Definition

posterior pituaritory gland to release ADH

or thirst

Term
How does the release of ADH help to maintain homeostasis when there is an increase in sodium blood concentration (1+2)
Definition

The kidney reabsorb water:

-less urine is formed therefore causing an increase in blood volume and decreasing blood sodium concentration

Term
What effects doe soft drinks have when used to relieve thirst (3)
Definition
flud is drqwn from the digestive tract, lost in faeces and worsens the blood sodium concentration
Term
What effects does alcohol have wehn used to relieve thirst
Definition
ADH release by the posterior pituaritory is inhibited and therefore worsening the sodium blood concentration
Term

Plasma oncotic pressure

Definition

Occurs as fluid is attracted to protein in the bloodstream. Fluid is drawn from the interstitual space and into the capillaries 

Term

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Definition

Force in the interstitium. Presence of fluid in the interstitum facilitated the inward movement of water from the interstitual space and into the capillary and also, the lymphatic vessels

Term

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Definition

Present within all blood vessels. The pressure that pushes the blood along the blood vessels, also push water out from the capillary to the interstitual space 

Term
role of the lymphatic system in maintaining balance between fluid compartments
Definition
collects extra fluids in the interstitial fluid. This fluid is called 'lymph and is drained in the lymph nodes and returned back to the blood vessels as plasma
Term
What is oedema
Definition
accumulation of excessive fluid within the interstitial space
Term
factors causing oedema (4)
Definition
decrease in plasma oncotic pressure. Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure and capillary permeability. Reduced lymphatic drainage
Term
clinical manifestaions of oedema
Definition
weight gain, swelling/puffiness, tight fitting clothes/shoes, limited movements in joints, less nutrient absorption and wastes removal from the blood due to swelling, decrease in blood flow, prolonged wound healing process
Term
how is albumin made
Definition
A by-product of protein metabolism. Liver metabolises amino acids into albumin
Term
hypoproteinemia
Definition
low albumin in plasma due to liver not being able to metabolise protein
Term
predisposing factors to pulmonary oedema (3)
Definition
left ventricular heart failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome and toxic gas inhalation
Term
describe processes of pulmonary oedema (increase in pulmonary hydrostatic pressure, changes in hydrostatic pressure/lymphatic drainage and inflammatory response)
Definition

increase in pulmonary hydrostatic pressure -> fluid escapes from pulmonary tissue and into lungs -> pulmonary oedema

 

or

 

hydrostatic pressure > lymphatic systems drainage

 

or 

 

pulomanry capillary damage -> inflammatory process -> triggers chemical mediators -> dilation and increased permeability of capillaries

Term
describe process of oedema in kidney damage
Definition
glomeruli fails to filter proteins -> protein excreted in urine -> hypoproteinemia -> decrease oncotic pressure -> more fluid to interstitial space -> oedema
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