Term
| The eyelids function to do what? |
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Definition
| Maintain the integrity and clarity of the ocular surface |
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Term
| Many corneal and conjunctival diseases are the result of abnormalities and or malfunctioning of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The three principal fxns of the eyelids in humans are what? |
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Definition
| To protect, lubricate, and maintain the ocular surface |
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Term
| What is the outermost barrier of the ocular surface? |
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Definition
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Term
| The cilia of the eyelids are extremely sensitive and when stimulated elicit what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do the cilia of the eyebrow grow in the same direction |
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Definition
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Term
| The position of the eyebrow is dependent upon the relationship between the elevator and depressor muscles. What is the principal elevator of the eyebrow and forehead? What are the depresso muscles? |
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Definition
The frontalis muscle
The corrugator supercilius, the obicularis oculi, and the procerus |
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Term
| The elevation of the eyebrows helps do what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The elevation of the eyebrows also compensates for sagging of the forehead and dermatochalasis that comes with aging. What is dermatochalasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| The superior and inferior eyelids develop embryologically from what? |
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Definition
| Mesenchymal condensations located inferior and superior to the optic cup, referred to as the frontonasal (paranasal) and maxillary (visceral) processes |
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Term
| The normal vertical palpebral fissure in adults is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The horizontal dimension of the eyelids is approximately what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The horizontal fissure length increases by 10% between the ages of 12 and 25 years and then does what? |
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Definition
| decreases by the same amount after middle age |
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Term
| The inferior eyelid margin rests at approx where in normal adults? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is it uncommon to see the inferior lid margin below the limbus in older adults? Why? |
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Definition
| NO - The loss of lid elasticity |
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Term
| The eyelid margin is divided into what 2 divisions? |
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Definition
| The anterior and posterior lamellae |
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Term
| The anterior lamellae is made up of what? |
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Definition
| Skin, muscle, and associated glands |
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Term
| The posterior lamellae comprises what? |
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Definition
| Tarsal plate, conjunctiva, and associated glands |
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Term
| Contraction of what muscle helps in the lacrimal pump mechanism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two glands are located in the anterior lamellae of the eyelid and give rise to the oils that coat the lashes? |
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Definition
| Glands of Zeiss and Glands of Moll |
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Term
| The Glands of Zeiss are modified _____ glands and the Glands of Moll are _____. |
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Definition
Sebaceous
Eccrine or modified sweat glands |
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Term
| Which muscles are the thin horizontal muscles that travel between the pretarsal orbicularis muscle and the tarsal plates in the superior and inferior eyelids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Contraction of the muscles of Riolan may help do what during eye closure? |
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Definition
| Rotate the eyelashes and help the glands secrete their contents during blinking |
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Term
| The muscles of Riolan can be seen as a what that is obvious in youth but less apparent with aging? |
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Definition
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Term
| The tarsal plates contain what in the superior and inferior eyelids? |
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Definition
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Term
| There are about ____ Meibomian glands in the superior eyelid and ____ in the inferior eyelid. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Meibomian glands are what type of gland and produce what? |
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Definition
| Holocrine sebaceous glands that produce the lipid layer of the tear film |
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Term
| Distichiasis is what? Is it congenital or acquired? |
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Definition
| The accessory row of eyelashes, either partial or complete, emerges adjacent to or from the opening of the Meibomian glands. It can be congenital or acquired |
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Term
| What happens in ocular cictrial pemphigoid? |
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Definition
| It affects the mucousal glands and thus its surfaces. It causes the lids to stick to the eye and ocular scarring. |
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Term
| What is Stevens-Johnson syndrome? |
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Definition
| It is a bacterial infection caused by an over-reaction to some entity like drugs |
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Term
| Does acquired or congenital distichiasis casue a significant ocular irritation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs when the Meibomian glands of the posterior lamellae become impacted with lipid or cellular debris? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between a chalazion and a hordeolum? |
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Definition
Hordeolum - aka "sty" - It is red, irritated and hurts patient
Chalazion - cupped cyst knot found under the skin that doesn't hurt the patient |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The movements of the eyelids can be divided into what 2 movements? |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscles are responsible for opening the eyelid? |
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Definition
| The levator palpebrae superioris muscle, the retractors of the lower lids, and the smooth muscle of Muller |
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Term
| What muscle is responsible for eyelid closure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscle is referred to as the chief retractor of the superior eyelid? |
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Definition
| The levator palpebrae superioris |
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Term
| The _______ of the levator palpebrae superioris inserts into the anterior tarsal, passes through the orbicularis muscle and inserts into the dermis to form the upper eyelid skin crease. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sometimes the levator aponeurosis disinserts from its tarsal insertion with age, resulting in what? |
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Definition
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Term
| One can quantify the strength of the levator by measuring the amount of displacement in mm of the upper eyelid from down gaze to upgaze after fixing the frontalis muscle and the brow. What is the normal displacement and what is poor? |
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Definition
Normal - 14-17 mm
Poor - less than 4 mm |
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Term
| The most common type of acquired ptosis, where the aponeurosis disinserts, is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of ptosis occurs when, rather than normal muscle fibers being present in the muscle belly, fibrous and adipose tissues are present, thus diminishing the ability of the levator to contract and relax? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is myogenic ptosis congenital or acquired? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is neurogenic ptosis congential or acquired? What causes the acquired form? |
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Definition
Both
Horners, 3rd nerve problems, Myasthenia Gravis |
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Term
| What are the four most common etiologies of ptosis? |
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Definition
| Dermatochalasis, IOL surgery, trauma, congenital |
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Term
| Is dermatochalsis a true ptosis or a psuedotosis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Eyelid shrinks because of advance glaucoma |
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Term
| A lid elevation of 1 cm corresponds to a decrease in the length of the levator muscle by how much? |
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Definition
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Term
| Since the levator muscle and the superior rectus share a common relationship in their anatomical development, the upper eyelid follows what in its movement? |
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Definition
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Term
| In upgaze both muscles ______ and in down gaze both muscles ______ allowing the lid to track the globe. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hering's Law applies to the innervation to the levator superioris muscle. What does that mean? |
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Definition
| Synergistic muscles equal and simultaneous innervation |
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Term
| What is the minor retractor of the upper eyelid? How much upper lid elevation does it produce? |
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Definition
| Muller Muscle - it produces 2mm of elevation |
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Term
| Is the Muller muscle innervated by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| In downgaze, the lower lid retractors do what to the eyelids? |
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Definition
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Term
| It has been corroborated that depression of the lid in downgaze moves together with what muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Attenuation or disinsertion of the lower lid retractors cause instability of the lower lid and results in what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscle is primarily responsible for eyelid closure and blinking? What cranial nerve is it innervated by? |
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Definition
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Term
| The orbicularis oculi muscle can be divided anatomically into what 3 parts? |
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Definition
| Pretarsal, preseptal, orbital |
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Term
| What parts of the pretarsal orbicularis muscle contribute to the lacrimal pump mechanism? |
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Definition
| The deep and superficial heads |
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Term
| Does the orbicularis muscle have fibers of differing lengths? Why? |
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Definition
| YES - They may contribute to the variety of facial expressions and lid fxns |
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Term
| Closure of the eyelid can be divided into what 3 actions? |
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Definition
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Term
| The eyelids do not close all at once. Instead, the eyelids close how? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which portions of the orbicularis muscle are responsible for blink reflex and unforced eyelid closure? |
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Definition
| Pretarsal and preseptal portions |
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Term
| The orbital portion of the orbicularis is responsible for what? |
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Definition
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