Ventilation?

The process of moving gas in and out of the lungs.

(Airflow)

When cells take oxygen to tissues/cardiac blood flow.

(Bloodflow)

Inhaling 

(active or passive)?

Exhaling

(active or passive)?

The ease of inhaling and exhaling, ability of lungs to expand and contract, an airway resistance.

(The use of accessory muscle in respiration is bad.)

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

(occurs @alveolar capillaries)

State of ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate venous carbon dioxide(low CO2)

(being blown off by rapid respirations)

#1 cause is anxiety

Hyperventilation

(Signs and Symptoms)

(Anxiety is #1 cause)

Numbness/dizziness/blurred vision

Mental status: disoriented, light headedness/dizziness

Anemic: ↓ RBC that carry O2. 

Cardiac: tachycardia, chest pain, SOB

Neurological: blurred vision, circumoral numbness(around mouth), tinnitus.

Acid base imbalance and electrolyte imbalances.

Hypoventilation

(Signs and Symptoms)

(1st sign is altered mental status)

(answer: all of the above)

Occurs when alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet bodys oxygen demand or to eliminate CO2.

Mental Status: disorientation, lethargy, dizziness, convulsion, coma, headache.

Cardiac: dysrhythmia's, cardiac arrest.

Acid base imbalance and electrolyte imbalances.

Hypoxia

(Signs and Symptoms)

Early signs

Inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level. 

Early sign: restlessness (brain not getting enough O2)

change in LOC, Anxiety, Increase pulse.

-Causes: Decreased HGB and lowered O2 capacity carrying of blood. 

-diminished concentration of inspired O2(higher altitudes)

-fractured ribs and shock.

Cyanosis-bluish discoloration of skin due to desaturated hemoglobin in the capillaries. 

(not the most reliable indicator of decreased O2)(need blood gas.)

Disorientation, clubbing of fingernails (lack of O2 over long period)

Use of accessory muscles-BAD

Elevated blood pressure

Dysrhythmias.

Pulmonary Health promotion

**(Know this)**

Respiratory gas exchange is done by diffusion

(passive no energy required.)

Conditions that affect chest wall movement: pregnancy, obesity, etc. Because diaphragm is pushed up and lungs cannot expand well, may use accessory muscles.

Number of years they have been smoking

X

Number of packs per day

=

↓O2 carrying capacity

↓inspiration O2 concentration

Upper or lower airway obstruction

Hypovolemia: fluid loss & dehydration

↑metabolic rate= fever.

Sputum cultures

(collected in a.m. and sent to lab immediately)

Red=hemoptysis (blood) ? TB

Odor=infection

Frothy and watery=Good

Thick and tenacious=BAD

culture for acid baciphillus=TB

culture for cytology= lung CA

normal sound

(hollow sound)

heard over muscles or organs.

Long term hypoxia & COPD

(sign of emphysema)

"set point" controls temperature

To listen

normal- 

vesicular- term used to describe normal breezy beathing found in the lung. 

abnormal-

adventitious- term used to indicate abnormal lung sounds.

(crackles,rhonchi,wheezes)

Crackles

(problems in the alveoli)

Rhonchi

(bronchi)

Orthopnic position

(tripod position)

Purse-lip breathing

(S/S of COPD)

deep inspiration and prolonged expiration through pursed lips to prevent alveolar collapse. Helps aid breathing too. (Smell a rose and blow out a candle)

Only done as needed, not on routine.

**(Sterile technique)**