Term
| What anatomical sites in the body are axenic? |
|
Definition
Heart and circulatory system, Liver, Kidneys and urinary bladder, Lungs, Brain and spinal cord, Muscles, bones, Ovaries and testes, Glands (pancreas, salivary, thyroid),
Sinuses, middle and inner ear, internal eye |
|
|
Term
| What fluids in the body are axenic? |
|
Definition
| Blood, Urine in kidneys, ureters, and bladder, CSF, Saliva prior to entering oral cavity, Semen prior to entering urethra,Amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo and fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-are disease-causing organisms
-are microbes that infect the body and cause disease.
-produce virulence factors (toxins, enzymes) that help invade and damage host cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct or indirect methods |
|
|
Term
| Pathogens spread by involving: |
|
Definition
Infected people
Carriers
Vectors
Vehicles |
|
|
Term
| Pathogens may be found residing: |
|
Definition
| in humans, animals, food, soil, and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in humans, animals, food, soil, and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| science that deals with cause of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Manner in which disease develops
The structural and functional changes brought about by the disease
The final effects on the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invasion or colonization of the body (the host) by potentially pathogenic microbes |
|
|
Term
| Infection multiplication of a parasitic organism or virus in or on the body of the host with or without: |
|
Definition
| the production of a disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Any change from a state of health…
when the body is not properly adjusted or
Capable of performing its normal functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When an adequate number of pathogenic cells enter the body
Through a specific route and grow
Disrupt tissues and cause signs and symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mutualistic relationship ex: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One member benefits w/out significantly affecting the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ex. Staphylococcus epidermidis living on skin |
|
|
Term
| Three types of Symbiosis: |
|
Definition
1. Mutualism
2. Commensalism
3. Parasitism |
|
|
Term
| Mutualism = both members benefit from the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria in our colon have warm, moist nutrient rich environment to live in |
|
|
Term
| When bacteria die, they release vitamins: |
|
Definition
| K and B vitamins that we absorb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One member benefits w/out significantly affecting the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus epidermidis living on skin |
|
|
Term
| Other Names for Normal Microbiota include: |
|
Definition
Normal microbiota
Normal flora
Normal microbial flora
Indigenous microbiota |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| population of microbes found on and in the body of healthy peoples |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhabit body sites for extended periods of time; throughout life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of Normal Microbiota in Human Host: |
|
Definition
1. Resident microbiota
2. Transient microbiota |
|
|
Term
| Resident Microbiota are a part of the ___________ throughout life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resident Microbiota are found on: |
|
Definition
| skin, mucous membranes of GI, respiratory tract, urethra, and vagina |
|
|
Term
| Most resident microbiota are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are Normal Microbiota in Human Host? |
|
Definition
| These organisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa) colonize the body’s surfaces without normally causing disease. |
|
|
Term
| Most normal Microbiota in Human Host are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A few normal Microbiota in Human Host are pathogenic but: |
|
Definition
| held in check by antagonism |
|
|
Term
| Normal microbial flora benefits the human host by: |
|
Definition
| Preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms and Stimulating the immune system |
|
|
Term
| What is Transient Microbiota? |
|
Definition
| Remain in the body for only hours, days, or months before disappearing. |
|
|
Term
| Transient microbiotia may be present for a time then disappear because: |
|
Definition
| they cannot compete with resident microbiota |
|
|
Term
| Transient bacteria are found in the same regions as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why can’t Transient Microbiota persist in the body? |
|
Definition
Competition from other microorganisms
Elimination by the body’s defenses cells
Chemical (changes in pH of vagina)
Physical changes (urination, defecation, vomiting) in body that dislodge them |
|
|
Term
| As we development in the womb, it is free of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microbiota begins to develop during: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Streptococci
Staphylococci
Lactobacilli have colonized neonate. |
|
|
Term
| Bottle fed infants acquire: |
|
Definition
| coliforms, lactobacilli, enteric streptococci and staphylococci. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bifidobacterium: Which protects the infant from infection of certain intestinal pathogens. |
|
|
Term
| Much of one’s resident microbiota is established during: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Establishment of normal flora continues with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. True Pathogens
2. Opportunistic Pathogens |
|
|
Term
| A microbe that has a parasitic relationship with host that results in disease is called a: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True Pathogens are capable of causing disease in healthy person with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malarial protozoan causes: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Opportunist pathogens only cause diseases: |
|
Definition
1. When host’s immune defenses are weakened or host is immunocompromised
2. When introduced into an unusual location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| May be members of the normal flora or common in the environment |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Opportunist pathogens: |
|
Definition
1. Candida
2. E. coli
3. Pseudomonas = common in environment |
|
|
Term
| Our normal flora maintain: |
|
Definition
| microbial antagonism or microbial competition. |
|
|
Term
| The nonpathogenic microbes hold: |
|
Definition
| the pathogenic microbes in check. |
|
|
Term
| What are the Three conditions when normal flora become opportunistic pathogens? |
|
Definition
1. Immune suppression
2. Changes in normal microbial flora
3. Normal flora in unusual area |
|
|
Term
| Immune suppression includes: |
|
Definition
Disease, malnutrition, emotional, physical stress
Very old or very young
Radiation, chemotherapy
Immunosuppressive drugs in transplant patients
HIV virus |
|
|
Term
| Immune suppression can enable opportunist pathogens to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changes in the normal microbiota: |
|
Definition
Normal microbiota
Use nutrients
Take up space
Release toxic waste
That usually out compete pathogens |
|
|
Term
| Changes in the normal microbiota: This is called: |
|
Definition
Microbial antagonism
Microbial competition |
|
|
Term
| Changes in relative abundance of normal microbiota may allow some members of the normal microbiota to become: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ex. Long term use of antibiotic : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Killed off sensitive non pathogenic flora, now C. difficile has: |
|
Definition
| nutrients and room to multiply and cause a disease |
|
|
Term
| Introduction of normal microbiota into unusual site in the body Example: |
|
Definition
| E. coli or Enterococcus feacalis |
|
|
Term
| E. coli or Enterococcus feacalis are mutualistic: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| But if E. coli or Enterococcus feacalis enter urethra then bladder: |
|
Definition
| They becomes parasitic and may cause UTI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mere presence of microbes in/on body |
|
|
Term
| Contaminants reach body in: |
|
Definition
| Food, drink, air, via wounds, arthropod bites, sexual intercourse |
|
|
Term
| What is the outcome of the Contaminants? |
|
Definition
1. Become part of the normal flora
2. Remain in body a short period of time as part of transient microbiota
3. Overcome body’s external defenses, multiply, become established in the body |
|
|
Term
| The successful invasion of the body by a microbial contaminant is called an: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The infection may or may not: |
|
Definition
| result in disease (which has signs and symptoms). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| getting in, sites where pathogens enter the body, usually the same regions that support normal microbial flora. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surviving Host Defenses = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| getting out, transmitted to another host |
|
|
Term
| What are Four major sites of Portals of Entry |
|
Definition
1. Skin
2. Mucous membranes
3. Placenta
4. Parenteral route |
|
|
Term
| Stratum corneum : Outer layer of packed, dead, skin cells usually acts as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some pathogens can enter through openings or: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some pathogens can enter through: |
|
Definition
| hair follicles and sweat glands. |
|
|
Term
| Larvae of some parasitic worms create their own portal using: |
|
Definition
| digestive enzymes and burrow into skin to reach the deeper tissues |
|
|
Term
| Insect bites, tick and spider bites use their: |
|
Definition
| probiscus to pierce through the epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the keratin in the outer layers of skin to reach the deeper, moister dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GI, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts and conjunctiva |
|
|
Term
| Mucous membranes are ____________ and provide a _____________ that is an easier portal of entry |
|
Definition
| thinner than skin; moist, warm environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most commonly used site of entry |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa: |
|
Definition
| Enter nose, mouth in air, on dust, in drops of moisture |
|
|
Term
| Cold, influenza viruses can enter: |
|
Definition
| eye first, then respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
| Some protozoa, helminths, bacteria, and viruses are able to survive: |
|
Definition
| the acidic pH of the stomach |
|
|
Term
| Some protozoa, helminths, bacteria, and viruses may use the gastrointestinal tract as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogens that enter via GI tract are adapted to survive: |
|
Definition
| Digestive enzymes and changes in pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, and E. coli (gastroenteritis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poliovirus, hepatitis A virus, echovirus, and rotavirus (rotavirus = gastroenteritis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis (gastroenteritis) |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory tract portal of entry for: |
|
Definition
| greatest number of pathogens |
|
|
Term
| Microbes are transferred from: |
|
Definition
| upper respiratory tract, to sinuses, to auditory tube then middle ear |
|
|
Term
| Portal of entry for greatest number of pathogens is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Viruses can enter through: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacterial, fungal, and viral: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strep throat, pneumococcal pneumonia, anthrax, diphtheria, TB, bronchitis, whooping cough |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, pneumocystis pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common cold, SARS, mumps, influenza, respiratory syncytial disease |
|
|
Term
| STDs enter skin or mucosa of: |
|
Definition
| penis, external genitalia, vagina, cervix, or urethra. |
|
|
Term
| Syphilis/gonorrhea were once: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Now ____________ lead the list. |
|
Definition
| genital warts, chlamydia, herpes, HIV, Hepatitis B, Trichomoniasis |
|
|
Term
| Some yeast infections caused by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some not all Candida albicans are considered: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NOT All urogenital infections are STDs, some are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The placenta is usually an effective barrier against microbes in the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some microbes can cross the placenta cause: |
|
Definition
| Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage), Congenital abnormalities, Brain, damage, Premature birth, Stillbirths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Syphilis
Toxoplasmosis
Other = Chlamydia, Hepatitis B, HIV
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex (Hepatitis B, HIV) |
|
|
Term
| Parenteral Route not a true portal of entry but a means by which: |
|
Definition
| portals can be circumvented |
|
|
Term
| To enter the Parenteral Route: |
|
Definition
| Pathogens are deposited directly into tissues beneath the skin or mucous membranes by: |
|
|
Term
| Pathogens are deposited directly into tissues beneath the skin or mucous membranes by: |
|
Definition
| Nail, Thorn, Hypodermic needle, Bites, Stab wounds, Surgery |
|
|
Term
| After entering the body, microbes must __________ in order to establish _______. |
|
Definition
| adhere to host cells ; colonies |
|
|
