- regulate blood volume,composition, & pressure by conserving/excreting H2O

-maintain electrolyte balance in blood by excretion/conserving minerals

-maintain normal pH ranges by excreting/conserving hydrogen/bicarb from the blood based on body needs

-activates vitamin D

-secretes renin

-produces erythropoietin

glomerular filtration

-tubular reabsorption

-tubular secretion

spinal cord reflex which voluntary control can be initiated

-the stimulus is stretching of the detruser muscle

# of nephrons decrease

-bladders gets smaller,loses tone

-elderly @ higher risk for UTI

-need to adjust med doeses due to decreased renal function

common test that is used to determine renal & systemic disease processes 

-must be tested in 1 hr

clean labia/penis well and begin voiding then catch urine in cup.

-if on menses use tampon or note on lan form

used to measure specific components

-container may need to be kept cool or with perservative

blood and urine test determine inadequate kiddney functioning,how severe damage is, or response to tx.

-shows normal results until GFR is less than 50%

involuntary loss of urine

-teach kegel exercises,wear peripads,avoid ETOH,caffeine

continous and unpredictable voiding. 

-no control period

can be a med. emergency,symptoms can occur quickly or over a period of time

-effects can cause ARF and possible bladder rupture

catheter only used if absolutely necessary-heart failure,shock,major burns,etc

-

preferred catheter,less risk of infection.

-a straight or rubber cath is used every 3 hrs to empty bladder.

catheter inserted through an incision in the lower abd into the bladder

-must keep skin clean & dry, changing the dsg when new, & taping to prevent tension

renal angiography

-intravenous pyelogram

a cystoscope involves a rigid or fiberoptic instrument that is inserted through the urethra to visualize the bladder

T or F

stasis of urine in bladder

-contamination in the perineal area

-instrumentation

-reflux of urine

freq,dysuria,urgency,

**males may have a discharge from the penis-esp if due to STD

a narrowing of the lumen of the urethral due to scarring most often seen in elderly men.

-can be caused in both sexes by instrumentation,caths,or chlamydia/gonorrhea

mechanical dilation-stretches open the urethra

-if not successful,suregery-urethroplasty

occur when crystals & protein become saturated with salt then stick somewhere in urinary tract

-form in structures of kidneys

UTI's

-urinary retention leading to hydronephrosis

occurs suddenly & peaks 30min

-excruciating flank pain amy radiate to groin

-pale,restless,light headed

hematuria

enuresis

n/v and diarrhea

-costovertebral tenderness

may be able to pass depending on size

-all urine must be strained

-if less than 5mm they are admitted to hospital for IVF hydration to flush stone & give pain management

pt put in tub of water & shock waves are used to break stone into sand like particles to be urinated out.

-stent may be placed

-increase fluid intake

-blood in urine is not uncommon

-must strain urine

surgical incision into kidney to remove stone lodged in the renal pelvis

strictures

-stones

-tumors

-enlarged prostate

most common is ileal conduit

-ureters are stitched to the removed section & the other end of the section is brought to the skin as a stoma that constantly drains urine

-will secrete mucous

-must wear appliance @ all times

for a Kock pouch a segment of the ileum is used to develop a pouch.

-ureters implanted into the side & a nipple is constructed where pt can insert a cath every 4-6 hrs to drain urine.

section colon used to make a "new" bladder.

-ureters and urethra implanted into the colon so the pt can void but may have leakage & or require intermit caths

hematuria

-dull pain in flank area

-noted mass

hereditary disorder that can result in kidney failure

-pts develop multiple cyst in kidneys that replace normal kidney tissue.

-cyst are grapelike and contain fluids,blood,urine

fluid leaks into tissues causing ascites & massive edmea

-urine may appear foamy

-have increase B/P and risk for infection

htn changes kidneys through arteriosclerosis w/ thickening and hardening of renal vessels.

-decreased blood supply to kidney so the other nephrons try to make up for the loss which further causes vessels to weaken and hemorrhage

proteinuria

-hyaline casts

-symotoms of renal failuer

Acute post-stretococcal

-goodpasture's

-chronic

cause of Group A beta-hemolytic strept infection of the throat or skin

-develops 6-10 days after inf. begins

-prognosis is good

fluid overload w/ oliguria

-electrolyte imbalances

-increased BUN & creatinine

-urine is dark or cola colored & may be foamy

kidneys are no longer functioning properly to maintain body processes.

-this affects all body processes: fluid & electrolyte imbalance, & RBC production

pre renal

intrarenal

post RF

decreases or interruption of blood supply to the kidneys caused by dehydration,shock,blood loss,use of COX inhibitors and NSAIDS

-glomerulus is not getting enough blood to make urine so toxins are not removed from blood

caused by obstructions that block the flow of urine out of the kidney such as stones,tumors,prostate,etc

-treat the cause

temporary dialysis to treat acute renal failure or prevent further damages due to symptoms of uremia

-fluids are removed with less dramatic fluid shifting than occurs in dialysis.

-can treat fluid overload

can have temp vascualr access

gradual loss to total loss in kidney function that is not reversible

-

75% of nephrons damaged.

-shows mild symptoms of anemia,cant concentrate urine,BUN & creatinine levels slightly elevated

90% of nephrons damaged.

BUN and creatinine are consistently high

-dialysis or transplant needed to live

an fast,efficient way to get rid of waste and extra fluids

-artificial kidney is used

tx occur 3-4 times a week for 3-4 hrs

after this tx the pt will feel fatigued and weak

-have a drop in wt and may have a drop in BP,cardiac arrhythmias & has an increased risk of bleeding due to lg amts of anticoagulants given while on the machine

use of UV rays to detect fluorescent materials in the skin or hair present in certain diseases

common contagious,infectious,inflammatory skin disorder caused by strep or staph

-rash appears as oozing, vesicle that grows rapidly, develops honey colored crust

small tender boil occuring deep in one or more hair follicles, spreads to dermis

-usually called by staph

refers to fungal skin infections

often seen in those with warm,moist,sweaty feet,occlusive shoes,or friction/trauma to feet

-can have: redness,scaling,small painful,itchy vesicles

contagious

-causes hair loss in children

-scattered,round,red,scaly patches

-small papules or pustules

chronic fungal infection of the nails

-yellow thickening of nail plate,friable,lusterless,crumbly debris accumulates under edge of nail causing nail plate to seperate

topical/systemic abx,debridement of nonviable tissue,warm,moist compresses

-elevate affected extremity

common skin disorder of sebaceous glands and their hair follicles that occurs on face,chest,upper back and shoulders

-most common cause is hormonal changes during puberty

burrows appear as short,wavy,brownish black lines

most common type of skin cancer

-small pearly or transluscent papule with a rolled,waxy edge,depressed center,crusting,elceration