where are all blood cells produced?

stores up to 1/3 of the bodys platelets,

not considered a vital organ but if removed a person is more susceptible to certain bacterial infections

abnormal bleeding,petechia,ecchymoses,purpura,fatigue,weakness,

SOB,fever

-coordinate btw lab & DR

-gather supplies

-admin. analgesic prior to procedure,help pt maintain proper position

-after procedure,observe aspiration site for bleeding and infection

-provide emotional support

injection of dye into the lymphatic vessels of the hand or foot.

-X-rays are taken & examined to determine lymph flow or blockages and lymph node involvement

1. imparied production of RBC's

2. Increased destruction of RBC's

3. Massive or chronic blood loss

insufficient intake of iron

-excessive blood loss

-lack of stomach acid

consume food rich in Vit C along with iron-rich foods

-stew acidic foods such as tomatoes in iron cookware

bone marrow becomes fatty and incapable of production of necessary #'s of RBC's

-RBC's normal in size & shape, not enough to sustain life

-fatal if untreated

most effective = bone marrow transplant,

-steroids to stimulate production of cells,hormones,colony-stimulating factors

inherited anemia where RBC's have a specific mutation that make Hgb very sensitive to O2 changes

-cells change from round to sickle or crescent shaped

-abnormal shape causes the cells to become tangled in BV and organs,resulting in cong.,clumping and clotting

severe pain,swelling in joints,abdominal pain,hypoxia,priapism in males,renal failure

-repeated crisis may lead to hand-foot syndrome

cause unknown;

overproduction of RBC's,WBC's and platelets.Organs become congested,skin becomes dark,flushed from build up of red cells,can cause thrombosis & occlusion of vessels.

-found in pts over 50

results of long term hypoxia

-body makes more red cells in response to low O2

-not an actual disorder

catastrophic accelerated clotting throughout peripheral BV,clots can no longer be formed, progresses rapidly

-not a disease but a syndrome

-high mortality rate

-can develop after body sustains major trauma

Prolonged PT,PTT

-decreased Hgb & platelet count

-increases fibrin degredation products,BUN, & creatinine levels

admin of blood,plasma,platelets,vit K, & clotting factors

-observe for & report signs of bleeding

-avoid trauma

-tx is aimed @ correcting the cause

results for increased platelet destruction by the immune system which increases the risk for bleeding.

-occurs after an acute viral illness

-can be drug induced or assoc. with pregnancy

acute ITP usually resovles on its own

-steroids to prolong life of platelets,chemo,removal of spleen,transfusions of blood,platelets,& vit K

bleeding results from injury,hemarthrosis(common bleeding into muscle and joints)

repeated episodes cause joint deformities, esp in elbows, knees and ankles which decreases the pts ROM & ability to walk

freq. need to replace clotting factors & blood products

-no cure,pts can live a normal life

-mild hemophilia A can be treated with injection or nasal inhalation of desmopressin

immature WBC's are produced explosively in bone marrow,lymoh tissue,& spleen. 

-abnormal & unable to fight infection

-Anemia and bleeding become a problem

-UNTREATED = FATAL

acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

-acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

-Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

-Chronic myelogenous leukemia(CML)

affects pts over 60 years 

-poor prognosis

deadly cancer of plasma cells in bone marrow

-bony destruction & pathological fx

-silent & deadly

often affects men 50-70

-cause unknown-poor prognosis

Skeletal pain-common complaint

-severe back & rib pain,achiness of long bones,joint swelling & tenderness,risk of hypercalcemia,susceptible to infection,anemia,kidney failure

lymphoma or cancer of the lymph system

-distinguishing factor-presence of Reed-Sterberg cell

-most prevalen in men-young adult ages 15-40

-most curable type of lymphoma

all other types of lymphomas with absence of Reed-Sternberg cell

-arise from B cells & T cells

diagnostic test for Non Hodgkins lymphoma

either Ca increases & phosphorun decreases

-or Ca decreases & Phosphorun increases

What are complications of fx?

instruct pt not to cover cast while it is drying (24-72 hrs).

-make sure pt knows to keep cast dry when bathing

-never place an object inside the cast

sheaths of fibrous tissue that support & partition nerves,muscles,& BV,primarily in the extremities

-pressure within one or more extremity compartments increases,causing massive circulation impairment to the area.

- cast or bulky dressings can increase the pressure

needs to avoid exposure to the cold and person with infections.

-Movement makes worse

should avoid all forms of aspirin & diuretics b/c they can trigger attacks.

-increase daily fluid intake to prevent kidney stones,avoid alcohol,should avoidhigh purine(protein) foods such as organ meats,shellfish,and oily fish

chronic,progressive,systemic inflammatory disease.

-destroys synovial joints & other connective tissues.

-includes major organs.

affects women 3x more than men

unknown,genetic predisposition,environmental,autoimmune response-antibodies(called Rheumatoid Factor)

local and systemic inflammation

activity decreases pain

-heat/cold

-balanced rest & activity

-surgery-total joint replacement

also known as degenerative joint disease

-articular cartilarge/joints bone ends deteriorate

-joint space narrows

-wt bearing joints affected so obesity worsens it

skin traction.

-indicated for pts with hip fxs and is frequently applied to prevent further trauma while the pt is waiting for surgery

-used for the releif of painful muscle spasm

balanced suspension traction

-skeletal traction

-aligns bones

keep leg abducted with pillows

-bending @ the waist cant be greater than 90 degrees

-getting up from a sitting position requires pushing straight up off of the chair or bed without leaning fwd

-walkers can be used to assist walking

-physiotherapy and occupational therapy can provide equp. that aids in putting on socks & shoes

wrap it in a cool slightly moist cloth & place it in a sealed bag

-the bag may be submerged in cold water until the body part is transported to the hospital

assess for hemorrhage,infection,dcheck for mobility & ambulation

-elevate to reduce swelling but not greater than 24 hrs due to risk of flexion contracture of hip: no sitting with hip felxed for long periods

build up of uric acid in the body

-attack causes severe pain and inflammation in one or more small joints