Term
| What is the function of the nervous system? |
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Definition
| detect changes,sensations,& initiat responses;organize & store info. |
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Term
| What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the CNS consist of? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does the PNS consists of? |
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Definition
| craniel nerves & spinal nerves,includes nerves of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 or many dendrites, 1 axon, axon terminal |
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Term
| receive electrical signals & neurotransmitters & carry impulses toward the cell body |
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Definition
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Term
| transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body |
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Definition
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Term
| sends neurotransmitters to next neuron |
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Definition
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Term
| fatty layer on axon; electrically insulates neurons from each other; speeds transmission of signal |
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Definition
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Term
| axon from one neuron transmits signal across a gap called a? |
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Definition
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Term
| chemicals that bridge the gap allowing Na and K ions to enter/exit causing electrical impulse to start/stop--think of them as chemical messengers-can be excitatory or inhibitory |
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Definition
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Term
| in PNS-axons & dendrites are wrapped with? |
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Definition
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Term
| a junction or bap btw the axon tip of the sending neuron & the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| parkinson's is caused by a lack of? |
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Definition
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Term
| schizophrenia is an excess of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| the spinal cord contains how many spinal nerves? |
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Definition
| 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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Term
| what part of the brain stores info? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the medulla consists of what 4 centers? |
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Definition
| cardiac,respiratory,vasomotor,reflex |
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Term
| what part of the brain regulates most vital functions |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what medulla center regulates the HR? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what medulla center regulates resp. rate & pattern? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what medulla center regulates diameter of BV therefore BP? |
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Definition
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Term
| what medulla centers is for coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting? |
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Definition
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Term
| part of the brain that contains 2 resp. centers that work with those in medulla to produce normal breathing rhythm? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what parts of the brain consists of the brain stem? |
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Definition
| medulla, pons,and midbrain |
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Term
| what is the responsibility of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
| coordination,regulation of muscle tone |
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Term
| part of the brain located above the pituitary gland & below the thalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| regulation of body temp. & regulation of food intake |
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Term
| the pressure & constituents of CSF may be determined by? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| rate of reabsorption of Cerebrospinal fluid usually =? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the 3 layers of the meninges? |
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Definition
| dura mater,arachnoid membrane,pia mater |
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Term
| what space of the meninges contains Cerebrospinal fluid? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the 12 cranial nerves? |
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Definition
| olfactory,optic,oculomotor,trochlear,trigeminal,abducens,facial,acoustic,glossopharyngeal,vagus,spinal accessory,hypoglossal |
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Term
| what is the function of the somatic system? |
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Definition
| controls voluntary system |
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Term
| what is the function of the autonomic system? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the autonomic nervous system contains what 2 divisions? |
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Term
| what is the function of sympathetic system? |
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Definition
| prepares body for physical activity-fight or flight |
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Term
| what is the function of parasympathetic? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| with aging of the brain what are the most common changes that are seen? |
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Definition
| slowing of voluntary movements, reflexes, & reaction times,postural stability decreased,decreased blood flow to brain, short term memory impairment,altered sleep patterns |
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Term
| most mental deterioration is usually caused by? |
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Definition
| depression,malnutrition,hypotension,side effecs of meds |
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Term
| what are the steps to a basic neurological assessment? |
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Definition
| 1.LOC 2. VS 3. Pupil response to light 4. extremity strength & mvt, 5. sensation |
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Term
| what is importnat is a subjective assessment data? |
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Definition
| mental status,intellectual fx,thought content,perception,language ability,memory,pain |
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Term
| using a Glasglow Coma Scale scores are given for? |
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Definition
(E) Eye Opening Ability- scale of 4-1
(V) Verbal Response-scale of 5-1
(M) Motor Response- scale of 6-1 |
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Term
| using the Glasglow Coma scale a score less than 7 means they are? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| using a Glasglow Coma Scale a score of 15 means the pt is? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| involuntary mvt of the eyes |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean if the pt has a positive Babinski's Reflex? |
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Definition
| great toe extends & the other toes fan out, neurological dysfunction should be suspected if the pt is more than 6 months old |
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Term
| what does it mean when a pt has a positive Romberg's test? |
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Definition
| pt sways or leans to one side(cerebellar dysfunction maybe) |
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Term
| what is pre procedure nursing care for lumbar puncture? |
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Definition
verify informed consent
-assist w/ positioning (on side w/ knees flexed, or leaning over bedside table w/ back arched) |
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Term
| what is the post procedure care of a lumbar puncture? |
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Definition
maintain flat bedrest 6-8hrs,encourage fluids,monitor puncture site,monitor mvt,sensation,HA
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Term
| if bacteria are present in the spinal fluid sample--what may that indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| why do you need to check BUN and Cr with having dye with a Xray? |
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Definition
| kidneys eliminate the contrast |
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Term
| post procedure of CT scan or Xray where dye was used? |
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Definition
| encourage fluids if dye used |
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Term
| What is the pre procedure for a MRI? |
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Definition
| assure no pacemaker or metal on pt |
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Term
an xray study of BV
-cath inserted into femoral artery, advanced til near appropriate vessels, contrast material injected,structure & circulation of vessels viewed? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the post procedure care for angiogram & what do you monitor? |
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Definition
keep flat in bed 6-8 hrs, keep leg straight, maintain pressure on femorall artery insertion site
-you monitor popliteal and pedal pulses |
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Term
| pre procedure for electroencephalogram? |
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Definition
| assure hair clean and dry |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| difficulty or inability to communicate with others? |
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Definition
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Term
| difficulty finding correct words & expressing self but can understand when spoken to? |
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Definition
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Term
| difficulty understanding spoken language |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are interventions for impaired swallowing? |
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Definition
| thicken liquids,position upright for eating,monitor meals,tube feedings |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| during swallowing studies food coloring added to food,liquids; if respiratory secretions are same color then pt may be? |
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Definition
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Term
| infection/inflammation of brain & spinal cord? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are s/s of meningitis? |
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Definition
| severe HA,fever,photophobia,N/V,Nuchal Rigidity-pain,stiffness when neck moved,positive Kernig's & Brudzinski's signs |
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Term
| how do you know when meningitis is getting better? |
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Definition
| when a pt can bend their neck or touch their chin to their chest without pain |
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Term
| what is the only opioid usually rx and why? |
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Definition
| codeine products b/c otheres can mask neuro changes |
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Term
| what is the most common cause of encephalitis? |
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Definition
| HSV that causes cold sores, which is dormant in many ppl's bodies, that activates with fever,stress,disease |
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Term
| inflammation of brain tissue? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is a late sign of ICP? |
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Definition
| cushings response--bradycardia,bradypnea,elevated systolic B/P but diastolic remains same |
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Term
| What are ways to prevent increasing ICP? |
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Definition
| elevate HOB 30 degrees,avoid neck flexion,keep head/neck midline,prevent vomiting,cough,straining,avoid hip flexion,keep room quiet,space out hands on tx to provide rest |
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Term
| caused by cycle of muscle tension/contraction of head and neck |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| restlessness,irritability,decrease LOC |
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Term
cerebral vasoconstriction then vasodilatio
-triggered & worsened by certain foods,light,noise,alcohol,stress |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the acute tx for a HA? |
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Definition
| vasoconstrictor taken within 30-60 min of onset |
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Term
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Definition
| keep diary,record triggers,timing,symptoms,teach relaxation & stress reduction,teach about meds |
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Term
| sudden,abnormal,& excessive electrical discharges from the brain that can change motor or autonomic function,consciousness,or sensation |
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Definition
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Term
| S/S of Tonic Clonic (Gran mal) |
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Definition
| may have aura,usually loss consciousness,incontinence,Postictal Period-recovery period |
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Term
| what is the therapeutic intervention for seizures? |
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Definition
| maintain therapeutic drug levels,dont withdraw meds suddenly,no driving til seizures under contron & reactions to meds are known |
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Term
| what do you do for emergency care during a seizure? |
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Definition
| prevent injury,monitor airway,turn on side to prevent aspiration |
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Term
| what is status epilepticus? |
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Definition
30 min of seizure activity
-can occur as result of abrupt withdrawl of anti convulsand med |
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Term
| therapeutic interventions for status epilecticus? |
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Definition
| administer IV Valium or Ativan |
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Term
| mild; loss of consciousness for 5 mins or less, no skull or dura injury |
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Definition
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Term
| bruising,possible hemmohage |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the 2 types of a hematoma? |
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Definition
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Term
| type of hematoma where there is venous bleed btw dura mater & arachnoid mater |
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Definition
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Term
| type of hematoma where that is an arterial bleed btw dura mater & skull |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Mannitol- (Osmotic Diuretic) |
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Term
|
Definition
| diabetes insipidus-polyuria,polydipsia |
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Term
| if pt in coma what do you do? |
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Definition
| keep airway open,maintain ventilation,still talk to them |
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Term
| what do you do post operately with a pt who had intracranial surgery? |
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Definition
assess Neuro status q hr x 24hr, monitor ICP, dsgs, VS,pain,nutrition,turn & reposition
-keep HOB elevated 30 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
most common--lumbar injury w/ pain in lower back radiating down leg
-severely herniated L5-S1 may affect bowel/bladder continence--emergency situation |
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Term
| what is the preop care for herniated disk? |
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Definition
| teach logrolling technique |
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Term
| what is postop care for herniated disk? |
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Definition
-monitor circulation,sensation,mvt,color,warmth,pulses,pain,dsg for bleeding or CBSF leakage, voiding.
-Turn pt q 2hrs |
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Term
|
Definition
| C3 or above fatal-muscles for breathing paralyzed |
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Term
| S/S of Thoracic/Lumbar injury |
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Definition
| affects legs,bowel,bladder |
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Term
| immediately after injury everything below injury stops working,can last a wk or longer |
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Definition
| spinal shock or neurogenic shock |
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the emergency management for pt who has a spinal injury? |
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Definition
| immobilization-keep head/neck/spine still |
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Term
| this disease is not a normal part of aging? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| recent memory affected first |
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Term
| what can delat the progression of dementia? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| disorganized thinking & difficulty staying focused seen in older adults who are ill |
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Definition
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Term
| what disease has destruction of Substantia Nigra(cells that make dopamine) |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| pill-rolling tremors,shuffling & freezing gait |
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Term
| what are the symptoms of ANS Dysfunction in Parkinson's? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what are the therapeutic intervention for Parkinson's? |
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Definition
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Term
| S/S of huntington's disease? |
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Definition
| inappropriate behavior,movements-jerky,involuntary,dance-like,pt in constant motion |
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Term
temporary blockage of blood to brain causing brief neurological impairment
-deprives brain of Glucose & O2
consider it a warning sign of a future stroke |
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Definition
| Transient Ischemic Attack |
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Term
| what is the tx for a CVA(stroke) |
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Definition
must be initiated within 3hrs to help prevent permanent deficits
-educate public to call 911 right away |
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Term
| what are the 2 types of strokes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| deficient blood supply(most common stroke) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| bleeding into brain due to rupture of a vessel |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are your modifiable risk factors for a stroke? |
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Definition
| HTN,DM,CV disease,smoking,poor diet,Afib,Asymptomatic carotid stenosis,hypercholesterolemia,TIA,sickle cell anemia,alcohol,drugs,obesity,no exerise,post menopausal hormone therapy |
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Term
| what are the non modifiable risk factors of a stroke? |
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Definition
| age,gender,prior stroke or heart attack,heredity |
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Term
| warning signs of a strok? |
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Definition
| sudden numbness or weakness,confusion,change in vision,trouble walking/dizziness,severe HA |
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Term
| how do you recognize S/S of a stroke? |
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Definition
| facial drooping,arm drift,speech,time |
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Term
| what is the first thing that is done when a pt comes in with a stroke? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| dont give what when a pt comes in with a hemmorhagic stroke? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what must be given within 3hrs to be effective with a stroke? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the therapeutic interventions for a pt with a stroke? |
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Definition
| thrombolytic therapy,prevention of ^ ICP |
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Term
| what are the long term effects of a stroke? |
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Definition
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|
Term
weakness in artery wall
causes; congential defect/trauma/disease
*unless very lg,no s/s until rupture |
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Definition
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|
Term
| collection of blood beneath arachnoid mater |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what disease is caused by degeneration of myelin sheath? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| S/S of multiple sclerosis? |
|
Definition
| muscle weakness,tingling sensation,slurred speech,ataxia,vertigo |
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Term
| what are the therapeutic interventions to teach a pt with multiple sclerosis? |
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Definition
| need for rest,balanced diet,avoid sick persons,stress,extreme temps. |
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Term
| grave muscle weakness of skeletal & voluntary muscles |
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Definition
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|
Term
anitbodies destroy acetylcholine receptors @ neuromuscular junction
-loss of voluntary muscle strength |
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Definition
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|
Term
| S/S of myasthenia gravis? |
|
Definition
fatigue w/ activity,rest improves muscle strength, muscles strongest in AMs
-Ptosis(drooping eyelids) (recovery w/ rest) |
|
|
Term
| what are complications of Myasthenia Gravis? |
|
Definition
| myasthenic crisis,cholinergic crisis,SLUDGE(described as liquid pouring from every orifice0 |
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Term
| HOW IS MYASTHENIA GRAVIS DX? |
|
Definition
| Ptosis recovery test,Tensilon Test |
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|
Term
affects neurons that control voluntary muscles
-motor neurons degenerate form scar tissue & die,nerve impulse transmissioin blocked,muscle weakness & atrophy due to no stimulation,progresses to muscles that control breathing & swallowing,thinking ability is not affected |
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Definition
| Amyotropic Laterl Sclerosis Lou Gehrig's Disease |
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|
Term
| S/S of Lou Gehrigs disease? |
|
Definition
| progressive muscle weakness & atrophy,fasiculations(twitching),pulmonary compromise(require mechanical ventilation),death from resp complications |
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Term
|
Definition
| salivation,lacrimation,urination,GI cramps,diarrhea,emesis |
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|
Term
| reduced damage to motor neurons adding months to life expectancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
inflammation of spinal & cranial nerves (myelin sheath destroyed)
-segmental demyelination in ascending pattern-begins distally & rises
-descending remyelination--resolution of symtoms proximal to distal |
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Definition
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|
Term
| complications of Gullian Barre Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| resp failure-discuss need for possible intubation early on |
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|
Term
irritation of the Trigeminal Nerve
-affects sensory portion of nerve
-irritation or chronic compression of nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S/S of Trigeminal Neuralgia? |
|
Definition
intense knife-like pain on one side of face
-triggered by touch,talking,cold breeze,chewing gum,brushing teeth,washing face,other stimulation,
-sleep relieves symptoms |
|
|
Term
| therapeutic interventions for Trigemina Neuralgia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| affects CN VII-the Facial nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
inflammation & edema of facial nerrve
-loss of motor control
-occurs 3rd trimester pregnancy,HIV pts,DM,all ages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects one side of face,pain (behind ear),dry eye,tingling in lips,weakness,speech difficulty,drooling,teraing of eye,inability to blink,loss of sense of taste |
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|
Term
| what is the therapeutic interventions for Bells Palsy? |
|
Definition
| prednisone,analgesics,antiviral meds,moist heat,gentle massage,facial sling,facial exercises |
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