Diabetic retinopathy/macular edema

Diabetic retinopathy can lead to severe vision loss secondary to diabetic macular edema, tractional retinal detachment from fibrovascular proliferation, macular ischemia and complications from neovascular glaucoma.

Wet ARMD

there is a pigment epithelial detachment (the large bubble at the bottom-left of the retina) associated with some sub-retinal fluid. Leakage of fluid is the hall-mark of wet macular degeneration, and indicates an abnormal blood vessel grwing underneath the retina. This may result in sudden vision loss through haemorrhage, or the formation of scar tissue

Cystoid macular edema (CME)
is caused by leakage of fluid into the retina. Cysts form from the leakage in the center of the retina. The leakage is usually from inflammation. The inflammation can be from cataract surgery, lens implantation, retinal detachment, uveitis, diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration. Vitrectomy surgery may be required to remove the vitreous gel, which may be pulling on the macula. This can cause inflammation and leakage.

A macular hole is a full thickness defect, or hole, in the neurosensory retina located within, or just eccentric to the center of the fovea.

An impending macular hole, also known as a stage 1 macular hole, is considered the precursor to a full thickness idiopathic macular hole. Impending macular holes have a splitting of the inner retina with the clinical appearance of a foveolar cyst or pseudocyst. 

Most macular holes, unless otherwise specified, refer to idiopathic macular holes. Idiopathic macular holes occur from tractional forces on the foveola at the vitreoretinal interface not associated with other causes.

Optic Pit

 are congenital defects presumably arising from the failure of fetal fissure closure in embryogenesis.Optic disc pit maculopathy (ODP-M) is characterized by intraretinal and subretinal fluid at the macula, causing visual deterioration.

PED

Pigment epithelial detachment (RPE detachment)