Term
|
Definition
| Test strips in testing urine for keytones is primarily reactive to this. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The least common keytone found in the body at only 2% of the total. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased organic acid. Initial compensation is pulmonary by hyperventilation. Decreased pH and bicarb. P(CO2) will also drop. |
|
|
Term
| 106. Acidosis, respiratory |
|
Definition
| Disorders interfering with the lungs ability to expel CO2. Initial compensation is the kidneys excretion of acids and conserving bicarb. |
|
|
Term
| 107. Acute Tubular Necrosis |
|
Definition
| Destruction of tubular epithelial cells. Ischemic or Nephrotoxic. Acute suppression of renal function. Most common cause of acute renal failure. Reversible |
|
|
Term
| 108. Adenocarcinoma, clear cell |
|
Definition
| Rare vaginal tumor, increased when exposed to DES in utero. Most cases are 15-20 yrs old. Composed of vacuolated clear cells, solid sheets, tubulocystic or papillary patterns. Insidious, invasive growth. Early detection is manditory. Surgery and radiation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In general, test strips measure_________. |
|
|
Term
| 111. Alkalosis, metabolic |
|
Definition
| Loss of acid or ingestion on large amounts of alkali. Intitial response to correct is by hypoventilation. Will have alkaline urine, and increased P(CO2). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The mathematical approximation of the difference between the anions and cations routinely measured in serum. Reference range : 10-12 mmol/L |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disease where the body makes antibodis against self. |
|
|
Term
| 116. Azotemia, post-renal |
|
Definition
| Increased concentration of serum/plasma urea and or creatinine. Caused by damage after renal pelvis: tumor, uretheral obstruction, prostatic obstruction, ect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased concentration of serum/plasma urea and or creatinine. Caused by renal circulatory failure due to trauma, bleeding, poor diet, starvation, ect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased concentration of serum/plasma urea and or creatinine. Caused by some form of renal impairment: glomerulonephritis, ATN, hypertension, or diabetes, ect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A low molecular weight thermosensitive protien, found almost exclusively in mulitple myeloma and constitutes the light chain component of myeloma globulin. |
|
|
Term
| 120. Beta hydroxy butyrate |
|
Definition
| The most abundant keytone in the body at 78% of the total. Can increase in body and urine with increased fat utilization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used as a buffer in blood to maintain pH. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Testing for this water soluble substance indicates that there is an increase in conjugated bilirubin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measure of Urea in blood. Crude measure of renal function. Levels increase with decreasing renal function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kidney stones. Can contain Calcium(75%), Triple Phosphate(10-15%) or others. Usually unilateral in urinary tract. VERY PAINFUL. Can cause infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The most common female genital tract pathogen. Found in the colon of healthy individuals. Risk factors: Pregnancy, antibiotics, diabetes mellitus, oral contraceptives. Yeasty odor, do a KOH prep to diagnose. |
|
|
Term
| 126. Carcinoma, endometrial |
|
Definition
| Most common invasive cancer in genital tract. Mostly adenocarcinoma. Higher frequency with: diabetes, HTN, obesity, infertility. Related to increased estrogen stimulation. Diagnose by curettage, treat by surgery/radiation. |
|
|
Term
| 127. Carcinoma, renal cell |
|
Definition
| Arise from tubular epithelial cells. Has areas of hemorrhage, necrosis and has a tendency to invade the renal vein. Presents w/ costovertebral pain. Silent tumor until large, and may metastasize before symptomatic. Males > Females, cigarette smoking is a risk. |
|
|
Term
| 128. Carcinoma, Squamous cell |
|
Definition
| 90% of malignant vaginal neoplasms. Affects upper, posterior vaginal wall. Will have painless vaginal bleeding, discharge, dysuria. Some remain silent until manifest with the onset of urinary or rectal fistulas. Associated with HPV. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They are a yellowish-brown color and are generally cylindrical with sometimes ragged edges; their fragility makes inspection of a fresh sample necessary. They are usually associated with nephritic syndromes. |
|
|
Term
| 130. Casts, renal tubular cell |
|
Definition
| These are formed when protein precipitates in the tubular lumen. (Ascending limb of loop of henle or other parts of the tubule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Indicative of inflammation or infection, the presence of white blood cells within or upon casts strongly suggests pyelonephritis, a direct infection of the kidney. |
|
|
Term
| 132. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) |
|
Definition
| Precedes majority of cancers. Associated w/ HPV. Does not invariably progress, but likelihood of progression depends on severity of changes at diagnosis, and if you are high risk type. 6-74% progress with high grade lesions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Function of lean body mass. Derived from the nonenzymatic interconversion of creatine in skeletal muscle. Increases with decreasing renal function. Better measure of renal function than BUN. |
|
|
Term
| 135. Creatinine clearance |
|
Definition
| Calculated measure of the clearance of creatine from the blood into the urine. Better than BUN or Cr for measuring renal function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Creatinine levels increase with a(an) __________ in renal function? |
|
|
Term
| 137.. Diabetes insipidus: Renal |
|
Definition
| Inability to concentrate the urine due to renal insensitivity to ADH. |
|
|
Term
| 137. Diabetes insipidus: Central |
|
Definition
| Inability to concentrate the urine due to pituitary insufficiency. Not producing ADH. |
|
|
Term
| 138. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) |
|
Definition
| In this condition there is an increased anion gap which is due to increased anions
more specifically keytone bodies. |
|
|
Term
| 139. Direct antigobulin test (DAT) |
|
Definition
| Detects presence of immunoglobulin, complement, or both, coating the surface of RBC's. Also called Coomb's test. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presence of endometrial glands or stroma in an abnormal location. Causes infertility, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea. Reproductive age women are most common. Regurgitation theory and Metaplastic theory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High levels of this cause endometrial hyperplasia. |
|
|
Term
| 143. Glomerulonephritis membranoproliferative |
|
Definition
| Alterations in BM and mesangium. About 5-10% have idiopathic nepthrotic syndrome. There are two types. Nephrotic syndrome in older children/young adults but with nephritic comonents. Slowly progressive. High incidence of recurrence in transplants. |
|
|
Term
| 144. Glomerulonephritis, acute proliferative |
|
Definition
| Also called poststreptococcal or postinfectious GN. Has a diffuse proliferative pattern mediated by deposition of immune complexes. Exogenous-postinfectious. Endogenous-lupus. Crescents are a bad prognosis. |
|
|
Term
| 144a. Glomerulonephritis, acute proliferative |
|
Definition
| Has abrupt onset, malaise, fever, smoky brown urine. Occurs in children and adults. Complete recovery in most children in epidemic cases. |
|
|
Term
| 145. Glomerulonephritis, membranous |
|
Definition
| Slowly progressive disease. Most common in 30-50 yr olds. "Spike and Dome" shape of subendothelial deposits. 40% develop progressive renal disease. Can be assoc. with Lupus. |
|
|
Term
| 146. Glomerulonephritis, rapidly progressive |
|
Definition
| Rapid and progressive loss of renal function. Severe oliguria, and death if untreated. |
|
|
Term
| 147. Glomerulopathy, renal ablation |
|
Definition
| When any renal disease destroys sufficient functioning nephrons to reduce GFR to 30-50% of normal. Progression to end stage renal failure is often inevitable. |
|
|
Term
| 148. Glomerulosclerosis, focal |
|
Definition
| Results from mesangial cell hyperplasia, intraglomerular coagulation and epithelial injury. This then results in renal mass reductions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The presence of this in the urine indicates glycosuria or glucosuria. Cannot diagnose diabetes from this in the urine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PH is a measure of the concentration of this. Normally 4.6-8. Can vary due to diet or disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is the entity that is measured in blood. Also the oxygen carrying component of blood. Causes a positive reaction to strip test when testing urine for blood. Each molecule has 38 histadine residues. |
|
|
Term
| 154. Human papilloma virus |
|
Definition
| Associated with Vereneal warts (condyloma acuminatum), (Types 6, 11) cervical carcinomas ( 16, 18, 31, 33). Integrates viral DNA with host DNA in cancers. Contains specific viral oncogenes E6 and E7. Sexually transmitted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A continuum of alterations in gland architecture, epithelial growth pattern, and cytology. The grade increases as the severity of changes increases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BUN levels_________ with decreasing renal function? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The result of many of the cancers associated with female genital diseases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mucin secreting cell tumor occuring in middle adult life. 80% benign. Has more cysts than serous and is less frequently bilateral. Large, some > 25kg. |
|
|
Term
| 164. Nephrosis, lipoid (minimal change disease) |
|
Definition
| The most frequent cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. Most common between ages 2-3. Associated with Atopy and viral infections. Insidious onset of Nephrotic syndrome. > 90% respond to steroids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # of osmoles of solute for every 1000 g of solution. Measure of water balance. Osmolality = 2[Na] + (glucose/20)+(BUN/3) |
|
|
Term
| 167. Pelvic inflammatory disease |
|
Definition
| Results from infection of gonoccus, chlamydia or enteric bacteria. Is an ascending infection w/ involvement of fallopian tubes. Acute suppurative salpingitis. Causes pelvic pain, tenderness, fever, disharge. Treat w/ antibiotics and or surgery. |
|
|
Term
| 172. Pyelonephritis, Acute |
|
Definition
| Caused by bacterial infection. Sudden pain at costovertebral angle w/evidence of systemic infection. WBC casts in urine. Papillary necrosis: poorer prognosis-acute renal failure. Increased risk in diabetics. |
|
|
Term
| 172a. Pyelonephritis, Chronic |
|
Definition
| Chronic tubulointerstitial inflammation and scarring. May be insidious or present as acute recurrent pyelonephritis. Polyuria and nocturia. May develop focal segmental glomerulonephritis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The more common cause of Chronic pyelonephritis. May be unilateral or bilateral. Reflux Nephropathy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most frequent epithelial tumor. 10-40 cm diameter. 60% are benign, Smooth w/ no papillae. Malignant are solid, nodular. Prognosis depends on degree of differentiation and stage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ATN: At about 36 hrs. Slight decline in urine output and increasing BUN. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ATN: Sustained decrease in urine output. Salt and water overload. Rising BUN, hyperkalemia, uremia , metabolic acidosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ATN: Steady increase in urine volume. Hypokalemia. Loss of potassium, water and sodium in urine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute onset of renal failure and oliguria, hematuria, mild to moderate proteinuria and hypertension. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heavy proteinuria, low serum albumin, generalized edema, and increased serum lipids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 15-20% of ovarian tumors. First 2 decades of life. Mature(benign), Immature(malignant) and Monodermal types. Mature are called dermoid cysts, 90% unilateral, more common on right. Contain weird stuff. |
|
|
Term
| 182. Transfusion reaction, allergic |
|
Definition
| Localized Ag-Ab reaction involving IgE causing mast cell degranulation. Caused by Ab to plasma protein other than IgA. Occurs anytime during transfusion. Hives, itching, can progress. Stop transfusion, give antihistamines. Check with blood bank before continuing. |
|
|
Term
| 183. Transfusion reaction, anaphylactic |
|
Definition
| Immediate Ag-Ab reaction involving IgE. Caused by Ab to IgA in IgA deficient patient. Mast cell degranulation. Only 1-2cc or product. Causes bronchospasm, laryngeal edem, N&V, afebrile. Stop transfusion, give EPI and steriods. Only use washed RBC's. |
|
|
Term
| 184. Transfusion reaction, hemolytic, acute |
|
Definition
| Immediate Complement activated reaction due to antibody to RBC antigen. ABO mismatch. Only takes 15cc of product. Intravascular hemolysis. Causes fever, shock, DIC, renal failure. Stop transfusion, notify blood bank. |
|
|
Term
| 185. Transfusion reaction, hemolytic, delayed |
|
Definition
| Caused by IgG antibodies to RBC's from pregnancy or transfusion. Takes days/weeks. Extravascular hemolysis w/o compliment activation. Fever, jaundice. Notify blood bank. |
|
|
Term
| 186. Transfusion reaction, Nonhemolytic, febrile |
|
Definition
| Several hours post transfusion reaction. Rise in temp > 1 degree C. With or w/o chills. Stop transfusion, notify blood bank, use antipyretics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RPGN-In most cases is immune related. Anti-GBM disease. Linear IgG and usually C3 on GBM. Cross reactivity with pulmonary alveolar BM. Goodpastures syndrome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RPGN- Immune complex mediated. Lumpy bumpy granular deposits. Treat the underlying disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Azotemia+ clinical S&S+ biochemical abnormalities. Results from marked reduction in renal function. Have electrolyte imbalance, acidosis, fatigue, can develop peripheral neuropathy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2/3 of all Membranoproliferative GN cases. Subendothelial electron dense deposits. Granular IgG and C3. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dense deposit disease. Lamina densa of the GBM is transformed into an electron dense structure due to the deposition of dense material. Membranoproliferative GN. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has red-blue or yellow brown nodules. "Chocolate cyst" in ovary. Must have 2/3 of following: Endometrial glands, endometrial stroma, hemosiderin pigment. Infertility is the presenting complaint in 30-40%. |
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