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| is a type of covalent bond two atoms or more in which electrons are shared unequally |
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| negative inductive effect |
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| An atom like fluorine which can pull the bonding pair away from the atom it is attached to |
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| a compound of one of these - e.g. hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, etc. |
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| electrophilic addition reactions |
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| An addition reaction is a reaction in which two molecules join together to make a bigger one |
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Carbon having a positive charge
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| It is a primary alkyl halide |
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| What encourages Elimination |
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heat, a concentrated solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide, pure ethanol as solvent
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| The rule states that with the addition of a protic acid HX to an alkene, the acid hydrogen (H) becomes attached to the carbon with fewer alkyl substituents, and the halide (X) group becomes attached to the carbon with more alkyl substituents |
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In elimi nation reactions, the most substituted alkene
usually predominates. |
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| Hydroge natio n of an alkene is an example of |
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| Anti Markovnikov happens when |
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| Results when HBr is added with a peroxide; ROOR |
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| Oxymercuration-demercuration |
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| uses B2H6 to give anti markovnikov orientation for OH addition |
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| a solvent containing an ether functional group |
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| is a carbon atom next to a carbon double bond |
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protic solvent is one that has acidic protons, usually in the form
of 0- H or N -H groups |
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aprotic solvents (solvents without 0- H or
N - H groups) enhance the nucleophilicity of anions. An anion is more reactive in an
aprotic solvent because it is not so strongly solvated |
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| have strong dipole moments to enhance solubility |
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| The SN 1 reaction goes much more readily in polar solvents that stabilize ions |
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Carbocations often rearrange to form more stable carbocations. This may occur
when a hydrogen atom moves with its bonding pair of electron s. Formally, this is the
movement of a hydride ion (H:-), although no actual free hydride ion is involved. |
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| Nucleophilic Substitutions |
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Give the substitution and elimination products you would expect from the following reaction: l-iodo- I -methylcyclopentane heated in ethanol |
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| E2 elimination of 3-bromopentane with Sodium Ethoxide |
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| Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration vs Hydroboration |
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