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OCHEM LAB FINAL
organic chemistry lab final
24
Chemistry
Undergraduate 3
04/25/2011

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Term
why is the bromine a deactivating group for the EAS reaction
Definition
due to bromines high electronegativity it cant donate electrons into the ring
Term
why is the nitro group a dectivating group for the EAS reaction
Definition
the nitro group acts as a base in this reaction and is deactivating because it is positvely charged meaning it is an electron withdrawing group and a meta director
Term
EAS observations
Definition
the liquid mixture went from clear to yellow and clumps of round yellow-white balls collected on spinvane, after filtration white crystals appeared.
Term
possible identity of isolated product in the EAS experiment
Definition
p-bromonitrobenzene
Term
write out the complete mechanism for the formation of your product from bromobenzene, be sure to include all arrow pushing, formal charges, and three resonance stabilized intermediates
Definition
[image]
Term
provide all the resonancce stablized intermediates for the meta-subsititution, the first one is provided
Definition
[image]
Term
explain using resonance why your product is favored over the meta product in the EAS lab
Definition
our product is favored over the meta-product becasue based on the resonance structures our product has the best carbocation as teritary as opposed to the meta-product that has the best carbocation as secondary. therefor due to carobcation stability an attack would be favored at the para position
Term
write out the planned synthetic reaction, in addition to the starting material and products also include all reagents, catalysts, and solvents
Definition
[image]
Term
what is the purpose of sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid used in the acetylation reaction> use equations to help explain this purpouse
Definition
the purpose is to maek the electrophile more electrophillic, takes a hydrogen from a phosphoric acid
Term
the procedure calls for cautiona ddition of water to the reaction mixture while it is still hot. what prupose does the addition of water serve and why should the addition of water be done while the reaction mixture is still hot, provide an equation
Definition
the purpose of the addtion of th water is to hydrolyze the excess acetitc anhydride and the reaction should be done while hot because if the mixture cools the hydroloysis will slow
Term
what impurity is most likely to be presentin the sample of aspirin you prepared what effet would this impurity have if the product were intended for human consumption
Definition
the impurity most likely present would be salicylyic acid and if consumed would cause damage to the stomach and digestive system due to high acidity
Term
upon heating with acid, salicyclic acid can react with another molecule of salicyclic acid what is the structure likely to be
Definition
[image]
Term
write the equation for the reaction that occurs when aspirin is hydrolyzed in the body
Definition
[image]
Term
Resonance = Stability
Definition
Arrows start at a source of electrons and move to a “lack” of electrons
Think electronegativity
Possible options to move electrons from
1. bond to bond
2. bond to atom
3. atom to bond
Term
Alkene properties
Definition
Resonance: put the cation on most stable carbon (3 > 2 > 2)
Priority Rules: E/Z::trans:cis (applies to R,S as well)
1. Molecular weight of first atom
2. #1 fails? Molecular weight of second atom, third and so on
3. Multiple bonds? Check book, rule o thumb: more bonds = higher priority
Term
Acid/Base chemistry (Think HCl: acid and NaOH: base)
Definition
Ranking acidity
1. H bound to most electronegative element
2. Stability of conjugate base/anion (remove H atom)
a. Resonance
b. Induction (proximity of electronegative elements, usually halides)
Term
Addition
Definition
Breaking a double bond to add two new bonds
new bonds: usually Hydrogen and Electronegative element
WATCHOUT for IMPLIED hydrogens
Common reagents: HCl, HBr, H2O, Br2, etc
Electronegative bond most often goes to most substituted carbon
Stereochemistry depends on reagents
Term
Substitution
Definition
exchange one atom(group) for another
Term
SN1
Definition
Rate = k [Electrophile] multi-step
1. Stability of cation
2. Stability of leaving group
3. Reactivity: 3 = fastest > 2 > 1 = slowest
4. Loss of Stereochemistry if started with it
a. R => S and R OR S => R and S
Term
SN2
Definition
Rate = k[Electrophile][Nucleophile] one-step
1. Sterics = Size gets in the way
2. Stability of leaving group
3. Reactivity: 1 = fastest > 2 > 3 = slowest
4. Inversion of stereochemistry
a. R => S or S => R
Term
Elimination
Definition
Loss of electronegative atom AND hydrogen to FORM DOUBLE bond
Term
E1
Definition
Rate = k[Electrophile(pseudo-acid)] multi-step
1. Stable cation
2. Stable leaving group
3. More substituted double bond product
4. Favors more stable of cis/TRANS
Term
E2
Definition
Rate = k[Electrophile(pseudo-acid)][Base] one-step
1. STRONG BASE
2. Stable leaving group
3. More substituted double bond product
4. Elimination occurs ANTI, which forces stereochemistry
Term
Carbonyl chemistry
Definition
Focus seems to be largely on nomenclature.
Reactivity: Electronegativity/Resonance
Carbon = electrophile Oxygen = nucleophile/base
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