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| "Spheres" of the earth from uppermost to lower most |
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- Biosphere
- Lithosphere
- Asthenosphere
- Mesosphere
- Outer core
- Inner core
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| the long continuous mountain chain found in all oceans; ocean crust is created by the process of sea-floor spreading at its crest |
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| The drowned edges of continents consisting of the continental shelf and the continental rise |
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| The shallow near-horizontal seafloor extending from the coast to the upper continental slope. |
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| The steeping of the bottom that marks the seaward limit of the continental shelf and the beginning of the continental slope |
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| The sloping sea bottom of the continental margin that begins at a depth of about 100 to 150 meters at the shelf edge and ends at the top of the continental rise or in a deep sea trench |
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| The enormous wedge of sediment deposited at the base of the continental slope |
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| A flat area on the deep sea floor having a very gentle slope of less than one meter per kilometer, and consisting chiefly of graded terrigenous sediments known as turbidites |
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| A relatively small hill, typically of volcanic origin, rising no more than 1,000 meters above the seafloor. |
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| A large, individual peak, volcanic in origin, with a crest that rises more than 1,000 meters above the surrounding seafloof |
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| Long narrow and deep topographical depressions associated with volcanic arcs that together mark a collisional zone where one lithosphere plate is overriding another. |
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| A fault-bounded valley found along the crest of many ocean ridges; it is created; it is created by tensional stresses that accompany the process of seafloor spreading. |
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| A fracture in rock or sediment along which there has been some slippage. |
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| A steep boundary separating two lisopheric plates along which there is lateral slippage, The crest of the ocean ridges commonly is offset along transform faults. |
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| The two kinds of rock that make up most of the earth (one on land and one in sea) |
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Land: Granite
Ocean: Basalt |
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| The regional mass balance of rocks in the earths crust and uppermost mantle. |
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| If you don't know this, you have issues |
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| instruments that detect and measure the intensity of magnetism |
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| A high angle fault, such as a transform fault, along which rocks move horizontally. |
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| A collisional plate boundary along which one lithosphereic plate overrides another and produces a deep-sea trench, a volcanic arc, and seismicity |
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| 3 Fundamental Types of Plate Boundaries |
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Midocean Ridges
Subduction Zones
Transform Faults |
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| area of earthquakes around subduction zones |
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| Fine and coarse grains that are protected by the weathering and erosion of rocks on land, typically sands and mud |
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| Fine and course grains that are derived from the hard parts of organisms such as shells and skelital debris, typically lime and siliceous muds |
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| particles that are precipitated by chemical or biochemical reactions in seawater near the ocean floor; magnesium and phosphate nodules are examples. |
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| particles that are ejected from volcanoes, ash is an example |
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| Very tiny grains that originate from outer space and tend to be mixed into terrigenous and biogenic sediment |
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| floating single celled animals examples: foraminifera, pteropods, and phytoplankton |
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| Carbonate Compensation depth (CCD) |
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| This is common sense, come on |
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| Bacteria that respire in the absence of free oxygen |
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| The absence of free oxygen |
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| A chemical solution that resists changes in pH despite the addition of small amounts of acids or bases |
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| a positivley charger ion such as K+ or Na- |
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| A sound reflecting layer filled with zooplankton and nekton that moves up at night and down each day (dinurnal vertical migration) in response to changes in levels of light |
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| The ratio of a mass to a unit volume specified as grams per cubic centimeter |
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| A molecule such as H2O that possesses a positively charged end and a negatively charged end |
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| Water beneath the ground surface that seeped into the soil and rock from above |
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| A zone in the water column where there vertical charge of salinity is relatively sharp |
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| A measure of the quality of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by 1 degree C |
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| A weak chemical bond that forms between dipolar molecules such as water molecules, and that greatly influences the physical and chemical properties of the substance |
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| The exchange of water among the ocean, atmosphere, and land by such processes as evaporation, precipitation, surface runoff, and groundwater percolation |
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| Solar radiation reaching a body or area/ |
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| A contour line of equal temperature |
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| Principle of Constant Proportion |
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| A zone having a marked change in water density as a function of water depth |
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| The average amount of time that an element remains dissolved in seawater assuming steady state conditions |
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| A sharp, vertical temperature gradient that marks a contact zone between water masses having markedly different temperatures |
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