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| The boundaries of the Indian Ocean are clearly defined by a United Nations International Treaty agreed to in 1968 |
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| Today, outgassing adds no oxygen to Earth's atmosphere |
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| The Crab Nebula is the remains of a star whose red giant stage was witnessed, and the position marked, by Chinese astronomers in A.D. 1054 |
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| The "Oxygen Revolution" began approximately 2.5 billion years ago, as evidenced by "Banded Iron Formations" found in Michigan, and elsewhere |
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| Conduction within the mantle is the primary mechanism for re-distribution of most of the heat within planet Earth |
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| The outer core behaves as a plastic/elastic material because approximately 2% of it is melted |
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| Absolute, radiometric age dating is the process of determining the specific age of rocks |
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| The Earth's lisothsphere and crust floats on top of the asthenosphere because, on average, they are more dense than the asthenosphere |
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| When two oceanic plates collide, an island arc system forms on the overriding plate, while an ocean trench forms parallel to the island arc system where the subducting plate bends into the surface |
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| There are approximately 1000 hot spots around planet Earth |
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| The "P-wave Shadow Zone," as observed and described by Oldham, is one piece of evidence supporting the existence of the lithosphere |
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| Earth's early atmosphere (4.5 billion years ago) was able to support life as it is today |
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| Earthquake foci depths that increase with distance away from a deep-ocean trench, such as under Japan, deliniate (mark or locate) areas of subducting plates |
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| "S-waves" are attenuated when traveling through any liquid or gas |
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| Molten magma from the inner core fills the gap created at a spreading ridge |
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| Lithosphere plates become older away from spreading ridges |
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| Ophiolites are fragments that did not get subducted along with the rest of the plate |
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| Sonar, developed during WWII, proved to have wide spread applicability to Bathymetric Mapping |
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| A magnetometer is used to measure the amount and direction of residual magnetism in a rock sample |
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| Island arc systems always form in association with Divergent Plate Boundaries |
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| Normal and reverse paleomagnetic stripes in the rocks, parallel to the psreading ridge rift valley, and symmetric along each side of the valley, are one piece of evidence that the theory of "Sea Floor Spreading" is operating |
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| Guyots are formed as ocean wave-action erodes the tops of subsiding volcanoes |
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| The collision of the continental India Plate with the continental Asian Plate has formed a deep continental rift valley |
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| The chain of seamounts located northwest of Hawaii shows that the Pacific Lithospheric Plate has steadily been moving across the hot spot, toward the north-west, for millions of years |
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| It would be better to use a chart with"Gnomonic Projection," rather than a chart with a Conic Projection, when doing exploration at the North 60 degree parallel |
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Definition
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| Lines of latitude are parallel, so they are always the same distance apart around the globe. That distance is 100 km for every degree of latitude |
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| Latitude can be calculated by the "time" method |
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| Iceland is one of a few places where oceanic crust is found above sea level because of the superposition of a mantle plume (hot spot) and a convergent plate boundary |
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| John Harrison resolved the problem of finding longitude by developing an accurate sea-going clock |
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| Hydrothermal Vents are areas where chemosynthesis takes place; and thereby, may possibly be areas where life may have originated |
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| Radioactive decay is a major source of heat within the Earth's core |
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| Earth's moon was formed as a medium sized asteroid was captured into orbit by Earth's gravity |
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| The Big Bang, thought the be the beginning of our universe, occured sometime around 13.7 billion years ago |
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| Marine scientists (Oceanography) is the study of determining the true ages of the oceans |
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| The Hawaiian Island chain formed as a basaltic lava oozed up along a large transform fault cutting through the middle of the Pacific Plate |
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| the United States is a world leader in creating sustainable fisheries |
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| More than 95% of all US foreign trades passes through a US port of harbor |
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| The star Polaris is used in the northern hemisphere to determine latitude |
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| It is hypothesized that Mars previously had active plate tectonics, but that the planet has cooled down to the point where there is no longer sufficient heat to drive the process, and plate tectonics has become inactive |
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Definition
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| The San Andreas Fault is located between the coastal area of California and inland California. This means that the California coast will eventually: |
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Definition
| "slide" off along the fault boundary |
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Term
| The "Scientific Method" could be described as all of the following except |
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Definition
| Something only scientists can use |
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Term
| older oceanic plates are colder and more dense than younger plates. In a collision between oceanic plates, the older plates are: |
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Definition
| likely to be forced under younger plates |
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Term
| The "Theory of Continental Drift" and the "Theory of Seafloor Spreading" are |
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Definition
| Similar but different and supported by many of the same observation (Both B&C) |
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Term
| The ocean contains _____% of Earth's surface water. |
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Definition
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Term
| The present day atmosphere is composed mostly of |
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Definition
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| Red Giants burned out to form |
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Definition
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| Outgassing is responsible for |
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Definition
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| The inner-core of the Earth is composed of |
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Definition
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Term
| Stars burn what element for most of their lives? |
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Definition
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| Life most likely originated in: |
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Definition
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Term
| The Earth is arranged into layers, with the crust being: |
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Definition
| The thinnest and lease dense layer |
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Term
| Isostacy is the reason that: |
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Definition
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Definition
| are the first to arrive at a seismic station |
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Term
| The "theory of Sea Floor Spreading" states that: |
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Definition
| New crust cools, shrinks and becomes denser as it moves away from the Mid Ocean Ridge |
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Term
| The "S-wave Shadow Zone" proves that: |
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Definition
| The outer core must be liquid |
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Term
| The "Theory of Continental Drift" includes evidence of: |
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Definition
| Apparent shoreline fit of the continents |
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Term
| The "Ring of Fire" defines a world-wide pattern around the Pacific Ocean that explains the location of |
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Definition
| Earthquakes and volcanoes |
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Term
| Are the second to arrive at a seismic station and travel as transverse (shear) waves |
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Definition
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Term
| The Southern Red Sea is opening because it is located over a: |
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Definition
| Spreading ridge cut by transform faults |
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Term
| The "Active Portion" of a transform fault is located: |
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Definition
| between the offset ridge crests of a divergent plate boundary |
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Term
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Definition
| older and thinker at the edges of the ocean basins |
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Term
| The presence of strips of high and low intensity magnetization in the sea floor is caused by: |
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Definition
| Polar reversals during creation of new oceanic crust at spreading centers |
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Term
| The Miller-Urey experiment was the first to determine: |
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Definition
| that amino acids could be produced from the early atmosphere |
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Term
| Which of the following is an example of uniformitarianism? |
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Definition
| Sediment being carried downstream by a river |
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Term
| The core of the Earth is due to: |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Continental, Divergent plate boundaries |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Ocean/continental plate convergence |
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Definition
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Term
| Continent/continent plate convergence |
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Definition
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| Ocean/ocean plate convergence |
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Definition
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Term
| Pluto, _____, ______, _____, Jupiter, _____, Earth, ______, Mercury |
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Definition
| Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, Mars, Venus |
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| You have sailed westward from Greenwich, England. Your noon time aboard ship is now 4 hours different than the noon time you originally set your clock to in Greenwich. What is your longitude? |
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| Kalamazoo, MI is approximately Longitude W 87 degrees. What is the time difference between Kzoo, MI and Greenwich, England? |
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Definition
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| You are at 20 degrees N latitude. It is 1:00 pm at your location, which is 45 degrees E longitude. What time is it at the Prime Maridian? |
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