Term
Earth is really "Plant Ocean"
How much of Earth's surface is water?
How much of that is ocean? |
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Definition
71% of water
97.957% is ocean
1.641%- glacier and ice caps
.365%- ground water
.036%- lakes and rivers |
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| Distribution of surface area between land and sea? |
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Definition
8% of ocean is on continental shelf
All land into ocean, still 3000m deep!
more land in N hemisphere
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| How many oceans and seas are on earth? |
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Definition
70 oceans and seas
4 Big oceans: Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, Arctic
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| 3 major impacts the ocean had on planet Earth? |
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Definition
A: life begins with bacteria that don't need oxygen, CO2 drops, shallow oceans form.
B: Photosynthesis by cyanobacteria. Oxygen forms and deep oceans.
C. Plant and primitive moving animals |
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Definition
| Plates being sub-ducted under another |
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| What limits life in the sea? |
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Definition
"Bottom up" limitations" Light gone by <200m,
"Top down" control- grazers and viruses |
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Definition
| can swim against current to some extent |
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Definition
| distinctive group of interbreeding individuals that are reproductively isloated |
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Definition
| Group of individuals of one species living in a particular place |
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Definition
| Various populations of microbs, plants, and animals that inhabit the same physical surface |
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Definition
not just the "mean total number of species"
richness = mean total number of species
evenness = how equal counts are across species |
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Definition
| pushes water right angle to the wind (left angle in S hemisphere) |
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Definition
| a rising of nutrient-rich water toward the sea surface |
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Definition
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| Which has more salt poles or tropics? |
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Definition
| Poles are fresher and the tropics are saltier. |
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Term
| CO2 in ocean and atmosphere? |
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Definition
.03% by volume in the atmosphere
83% by volume in the ocean |
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Definition
*See fig 2.1*
PAR = Photosynthetic Active Radiation
50% of light is reflected/absorbed by clouds
4% of light is reflected by ocean surface
Infrared gone by 1 m
UV gone by 20m |
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Definition
| light (above phytoplankton) |
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Definition
| see color a detect organism |
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Definition
| don't see anything (no light) |
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Definition
| The depth at which the amount of carbon fixed in organic material by photosynthesis is equal to that which is consumed by the plants during respiration over a 24-hr period |
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Definition
| Cold blooded, unable to regulate body temperature |
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Definition
| Warm blooded, able to regulate body temperature |
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Definition
| Broad range of temperatures |
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Definition
| the zone showing the greatest change in salinity with depth |
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Definition
| Broad range of salinity tolernace |
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Definition
| 1 constant salinity level |
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| Lowered pH could alter calcification of ocean organisms...which ones? |
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Definition
Radiolarions
Coraline algae
Pteropod (deep sea)
Coccolithorphores
Coral
-all these have calcium carbonate |
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Definition
| Photosynthetic production based on new nitrogen |
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Definition
| Photosynthetic production based on nitrogen that is recycled within the euphotic zone |
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Definition
| The ocean is a buffer for CO2, when the ocean absorbs CO2 it turns into carbonic acid. This then increases the pH of the ocean which is bad for calcium carbonate organism like coral. |
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Definition
-Rarer than Nitrogen
-Only 2 in 20 amino acids but needed in proteins
-argest flux in sea spray (where waves break)
-acid rain from sulfites
-Human fluxes (due to burning fossil fuels) about 15 to 40 Mt to that of net natural fluxes about 20 to 40 Mt. |
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Definition
-Critical to diatoms
-Primary source is rivers
Secondary sources = wild, sea, bottom geology
Rapidly remineralized in the surface ocean |
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Definition
use energy from chemistry
when oxygen is not available |
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Definition
Use energy from light
when oxygen is available |
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Definition
| living in oxygenated conditions |
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Definition
| living in the absence of oxygen |
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| number of organisms per unit area or volume |
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Definition
| There can be to much light absorbed by a photosynthetic organism (like sunburn). |
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Definition
| Exact amount of light and oxygen going in and out of a cell |
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| How are the nutrient cycles linked biologically? |
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Definition
-Nitrogen and Phosphorous are limiting nutrients. (more P in coastal waters cuz of runoff from rocks)
-Nitrogen Fixation needs Iron
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