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Oceanography: Prelim 3
Prelim 3 notes
57
Science
Undergraduate 1
12/12/2013

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Term
Vertical Zonation
Definition
  • Communities are divided into distinct bands, or zones, at characteristic heights in the intertidal
  • Species are not randomly distributed throughout the intertidal zone, but rather are arranged within realtively narrow vertical ranges
Term
Physical Stresses on Species Distribution
Definition
  • Often set the UPPER LIMIT to species distributions
Term
Biological Interactions on Species Distributions
Definition
  • Often set LOWER LIMIT to species distributions
  • Factors
  1. Competiton for Space (space on rocks to attach to)
  2. Predation
Term
Keystone Predators
Definition
Predators that have effects on their communities that are proportionally much greater than their abundance would suggest are known as keystone predators
Term
Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
Definition
  • Disturbance maximizes species diversity by periodically removing competitively dominant species and allowing less competitive species to reestablish themselves
  • Too much disturbance keeps the rock bare with few species. Too little disturbance allows the dominant competitor for space to take over and form a monoculture (single species)
Term
Trophic Cascade
Definition
Low abundance of sea otters leads to high abundance of sea urchins and low abundance of kelp forests
Term
Coral Anatomy
Definition
Tentacles on the outside, mouth is below the tentacles
Term
Process of building calcium carbonate reef structure
Definition
Layer-by-layer, very very slow, grows about 1-20mm per year
Term
Zooxanthellae (Coral Reefs)
Definition
Chlorophyll-containing algal symbionts that live  in the tissue of the coral polyp
Term
Corals recieve (__%) of their overall nutrition from photosynthetic-derived products
Definition
60-90%
Term

Most corals live within this boundary

 

Definition
Boundary for 20C Isotherm (towards the equator)
Term
Depth limit where corals can grow (set by light)
Definition
About 25 meters deep
Term
Coral Reef Formation
Definition
  1. A new island forms and a fringing reef develops in shallow sunlit waters close to shore of the island
  2. the island slowly sinks with age and the coral rises upward, eventually forming a barrier reef
  3. The island is eventually submerged and all that is left is the reef, referred to now as the coral atoll
Term
Coral Bleaching
Definition
  • When corals expel their symbiotic zooxanthellae algae due to envinronmental stress such as unusually warm water
  • Corals can recover if it is short term (a couple of weeks) but they die if its extreme or prolonged
Term
Coral sensitivity to rises in sea temperature
Definition
  • Corals are extremely sensitive to rises in sea temperature
  • Just 1C rise in normal sea temperature for a few weeks will result in coral bleaching
Term
Pakicetus (hoofed mammal that is classified as the earliest whale)
Definition
  • Lived around 53 million years ago
  • Special ear bone feature is diagnostic for cetaceans and is found in no other species
Term

More dangerous: killer whale or baleen whale?

 

Definition
Killer whale (obviously) they have teeth, as opposed to baleen, who eats krill
Term
Pacific Humback Migration
Definition
  1. Summer Feeding at high latitudes and long day length, lots of biological activity
  2. Winter Calving at low latitudes--usually warm, but low or no food
Term
Vocalization in whales
Definition
  • Odontocetes (toothed) whales do NOT make the long, low-frequency sounds known as the whale song
  • Mysticetes (baleen) whales DO make the long, low-frequency sounds known as the whale song
Term

Whale Vocalization Purposes

 

Definition
  1. Primarily used in sexual selection
  2. Simpler sounds of other whales have a year round use (possibly navigation)
Term

Noise Pollution

Definition
  1. Acoustic Habitat is no different than spatial habitat and must be preserved
  2. Noise Pollution is every bit as destructive as other forms of more familiar marine pollution (oil, nitrogen, plastic)
Term
Japan and Whale Issues
Definition
  • Claims its whaling is for "scientific purposes"
  • 1,000 Minke (non-endangered) whales per year
  • 50 Fin (endangered) per year
  • 50 Humpback (endangered) per year
  • 5 Sperm (endangered) per year
Term
Norway and Whale Issues
Definition
  • Registered an objection/reservation for a 1982 IWC whaling moratorium, so theyre not bound by it
  • Kill 600 Minke (non-endangered) whales per year
Term
Iceland and Whale Issues
Definition
  • Iceland has an exemption to the mortatorium throgh a reservation made in 2002
  • They take about 150 Fin (endangered) per year
  • They take about 200 Minke (non-endangered) whales per year

 

Term
Walker-Circulation (Southern Oscillation)
Definition
  1. Winds at the surface move toward the equator, but are deflected by Coriolis toward the west to form surface trade winds
  2. Winds aloft move away from equator, but are deflected by Coriolis toward the east to complete the Walker-Circulation
Term
Under normal conditions in the Pacific, the Trade Winds blow from east to west and in the process do 2 things:
Definition
  1. Transport and pile up warm surface water on the western side of the Pacific to create a thick (200 meters) pool of very warm ocean water
  2. The piled up water tilts the thermocline deeper in the west and shallower in the east
Term
The Southern Osciallation
Definition
  • The Coherent Osciallation (the Periodic Reversal) of the Walker Circulation Cell
  • Three states of Southern Oscillation: Normal trade winds, Reversed Trade Winds, and Exceptionally Strong Trade Winds
Term
The coupled ocean-atmospheric interactions are called:
Definition
El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
Term
El Nino's impact on Pacific Precipitation and Storm Patterns
Definition
  1. Relative cooling in the Western Tropical Pacific creates drought conditions in Australia/Indonesia
  2. Realtive warming in the Central and Eastern Tropical Pacific causes intense precipitation and storms
Term
Global Warming Trends with oscillations
Definition
Global Warming is a Multi-Decadal Tren with natural decadal oscillations superimposed on that trend!
Term
Present concentration of atmospheric CO2 relative to the past 800,000 years
Definition
  • Present: ~400 ppm
  • Inter-Glacial: ~230 ppm
  • Glacial: ~130 ppm
Term
Greenhouse Gas Effect
Definition
  • Sunlight enters through glass as short-wavelength radiation, absorbed by car, which emits long-wavelength energy, absorbed by the car window
  • More energy enters, not leaves, the car, so the car heats up
Term
Energy Imbalance in the Earth System (CO2)
Definition

Increased Atmospheric CO2 keeps more of the suns energy then before, heating the earth

Term
Global Warming Distribution
Definition
Polar Reigons are espcially sensitive to global warming
Term
The last time carbon dioxde levels are as high as they are today...
Definition
  • Global temperatures were 5-10 degrees F higher than they are today
  • Sea level was approximately 75-120 feet higher than today
  • There was no permanent sea ice cap in the Arctic
Term
Major Mobile Reservoirs of CO2
Definition
  • Atmosphere: 730
  • Ocean: 38,000
Term
Milankovitch Forcing/Trigger Effect
Definition
  • Small variations  in 3 orbital parameters that occur on time scales of 10,000 years produce small variations in solar energy reaching the earth and this acts as a triggering mechanism
  • Most likely moving CO2 from the deep ocean to the atmosphere by some process we do not know about yet
  • Increase CO2 in the atmosphere and the green house effect causes warming to occur

 

Term
Orbital variations vs. Humans
Definition
Humans are now the trigger that moves CO2 into the atmosphere, instead of this natural process
Term
Massive volcanic activity can dramatically change CO2 levels and the earth's climate on this time scale
Definition
Million year time scales
Term
Over millions of years, there were _______ in CO2, global temperature, and sea level
Definition
Exceptional increases
Term
Ambiguity with Humans Causing Global Warming
Definition
  • It is unambiguous that humans are causing global warming
  • Extremely likely (over 95% certain)
  • More certain of humans causing global warming than we are that smoking causes cancer
Term
32 National Science Academies fight against global warming. Name the 12 major ones.
Definition
Austrailia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, India, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, United States
Term
IPCC5 report expects a ____ rise in sea level by the end of the century
Definition
1 meter
Term
Surface Melt on Greenland
Definition
  • Melt water descending into a Moulin (a vertical shaft carrying water to ice sheet base
  • This lubricates the ice sheet and allows increased flow over the landmass
Term

Warming Coastal Currents does what to glaciers?

 

Definition
Metls the fronts of exit glaciers
Term
Wall St. Journal Article preidcted in 2009 that NYC will...
Definition
Experience sea level rise. This was 3 years before Sandy hit
Term
Observed Artic Sea Ice Loss is.....
Definition
Running ahead of earlier predictions: ice loss is more rapid than predicted. Expected to be completely ice-free by 2030
Term
Possible Bad Outcomes of Melting Arctic Ice Cap
Definition
  1. Open New Transport Pathways for exchange of Pacific species and Atlantic species with unknown subsequent ecological consequences
  2. Create Political Unrest as nations compete for natural resource extraction from the seafloor
  3. Freshwater unput to subpolar seas and subsequent decrease/halting of deep water convection and decrease/halting of meridional overturning (Conveyor Belt) circulation
Term
Coral Bleaching
Definition
  • Corals get 60-90% of their energy from photosynthesis by their algal symbionts (xooxanthellae)
  • Zooxanthellae algae are responsible for all of the coral's beautiful natural colors
Term
Global warming effect on thermocline
Definition
Increase thermal stratification, the thermocline acts to hold phytoplankton near the sunlit surface ocean, as well as a significant barrier to upward mixing of nutrient rich deep water
Term
Precipitation changes, in general
Definition
Dry places get dryer, wet places get wetter
Term
Extreme weather linked to arctic ice loss, consequences
Definition
Prolonged cold outbreaks and prolonged heat waves
Term
Ocean Acidification
Definition
  • 30% increase in the hydrogen ion concentration of the ocean
  • Similar to how soda becomes acidic with the addition of CO2 carbonation
Term
Atmospheric CO2 concentration now, and current increasing rate
Definition
Currently at 400 ppm, increasing 3 ppm per year, so it will reach 450 in about 15 years
Term
Atmospheric CO2 concentration that scientists think is needed
Definition
350 ppm
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