Term
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Definition
| changes in composition and abundance in a given area over time. |
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Term
| How many types of succession are there? |
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Definition
| 2, primary and secoundary |
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Term
| What is primary succession? |
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Definition
| Primary – situation where barren substrate is available for habitation (inorganic substrates= lava flows/ spreading centers |
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Term
| what is Secondary succession? |
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Definition
| Secondary – areas where communities have previously existed (fire/hurricane; much more rapid) |
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Term
| What counts as a Single stable state? |
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Definition
| Community returns to same position after disturbance |
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Term
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Definition
| First colonists modify environment so it becomes less suitable for their further recruitment but more suitable for other species |
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Term
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Definition
| First colonists make environment less suitable for their own further recruitment, but these modifications have little or no effect on other species |
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Term
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Definition
| First colonists make environment less suitable for all subsequent species |
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Term
| Who is Malthus? What did he do? |
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Definition
-Point of Crisis
-is the point that population and the resoucres meet (which is bad) |
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Term
Rate of increase at any particular instant of time
what is R=?
what is N=? |
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Definition
r = intrinsic rate of population increase (birth rate – death rate)
N = # of individuals in population |
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Term
| Density independent school |
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Definition
| changes in physical environmental factors (generally climatic changes); which lead to dramatic shifts in populations |
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Term
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Definition
| work with larger organisms (vertebrates) or sessile organisms (barnacles); biotic interactions and their importance (competition, predation, or parasitism) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 categories that it needs to allocate energy to: |
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Definition
1. Growth
2. Reproduction
3. Maintenance (basal metabolic activity; building of bone and supporting structures) |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms should survive here when they allocate a lot of energy to early reproduction, rapid growth, and dispersal to new habitats |
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Term
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Definition
| populations will increase until they approach k where competition will increase. In this atmosphere good competitors will be selectively favored (density dependent mortality) |
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Term
| r selected traits vs K selected traits |
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Definition
r selected~~~~~~~~~~K selected
-rapid development~~-slow development
-small body~~~~~~~~-large body
-early reproduction~-delayed reprodu.
-semelparity ~~~~~~~-iteroparity
(single reprodu.)~~-(repeated reprodu.) |
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Term
| What is Interspecific competition |
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Definition
| between individuals of different species |
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Term
| What is Intraspecific competition |
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Definition
| between individuals of the same species |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a resource is limiting and that resource is used up by a competitor |
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Term
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Definition
| usually associated with aggression; behavior interaction. One organism negatively influences another from gaining access to a resource |
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Term
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Definition
-Two species of yeast in culture
-“principle of competitive exclusion”
-complete competitors can not coexist |
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Term
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Definition
-Two species intertidal barnacles (Chthamalus & Balanus)
**Chthamalus survival was much greater where Balanus was excluded.
**Most Chthamalus killed by being overgrown or undercut by Balanus
**Balanus competitively excludes Chthamalus via competition for space. |
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Term
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Definition
-Competition among three species of intertidal gastropods
-Outcome: Nerita > Cellana > Bembbicim
-competitors do co-exist
-Several models for co-existence |
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Term
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Definition
| Species become specialized for particular resources (evolution) |
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Term
| Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Species have equal colonizing and competitive ability |
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Term
| What is the defition of Predation? |
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Definition
| When one organism consumes another , first attacking it while alive (also includes eating seeds, algal cells,parasitism and cannibalism) |
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Term
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Definition
| found that the relionship was oscillating between predators and prey |
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Term
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Definition
the orange guy!
-oranges only: predators consumed prey and eventually starved to death.
-oranges, balls and vasoline: he found coexistence |
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Term
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Definition
-Conducted a # of studies on the components of predator interactions
-He found the Functional response
-Which is the relationship between prey density and the rate at which an individual predator consumes prey |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship between prey density and the rate at which an individual predator consumes prey |
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Term
components of functional responses
(individual predator)
(4 points) |
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Definition
1.Rate of successful search
2.Time available for hunting verses other activities
- avoiding other predators
- time looking for a mate
- patrolling a territory
3. Time spent handling prey
- pursuit of prey
- subduction of prey
- eating prey
- digestion of prey
4.Hunger level |
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Term
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Definition
predators exploit prey populations heavily and drive prey populations down, eventually prey densities will decline below some threshold value and predators will switch to another prey item.
predators exploit prey populations heavily and drive prey populations down, eventually prey densities will decline below some threshold value and predators will switch to another prey item. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducted the 1st switching experiments – examined gastropods that feed on mussels and barnacles |
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Term
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Definition
- Effect of Pisaster on intertidal assemblage
- Pisaster interrupts successional process
- After removal, superior competitor dominates
-Making it a keystone predator |
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Term
| What a keystone predator? |
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Definition
| a single native species, high in the food web … which greatly modifies the species composition and physical appearance of the system |
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Term
Effects of predation on morphology, distribution and abundance
(4 points) |
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Definition
1. Change in size structure of prey population
2. Decreases in overall diversity
3. Increase in diversity
4. Morphological modifications
-protective devices
-mimicry
-crypsis |
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Term
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Definition
Used predatory green crabs (Carcinus maenas) and mussels.
Several different sizes of mussels were offered (small, medium
and large). Feeding trials looked at the amount of energy/unit
time. |
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Term
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Definition
| types of feeding behaviors that would maximize food intake rate. |
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Term
Mutualisms
(+/+) interactions |
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Definition
both individuals gain in this interaction this in not a
cooperative and cozy relationship (selfish behavior on the part of the
individual) |
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Term
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Definition
| essential for the partner to carry out life |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all genes go to the offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| ½ genes go to the offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| separate sexes (male and female) |
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Term
| What type of hermaphroditism when it an individual has both male and female sex organs active at the same time? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of hermaphroditism start life as one sex and later switch to the other? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-male to female
-because sperm is cheap
-Switch from male to female when the # of offspring is equal. |
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Term
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Definition
-female to male
-Expect to find in situations where males are competing for females, elaborate mating displays,a male success will depend on ability to fight or defend a territory |
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Term
Problems for larvae in the plankton
(4 points) |
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Definition
1. Food shortage (= slow growth rate)
2. Wastage of larvae
3. Predation of larvae
4. Avoidance of crowding |
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Term
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Definition
| capable of producing their own organic chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| must obtain energy form other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| capable of making own food and use external food sources |
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Term
| Diatoms – SiO2 shells, dominate produces; can occur individually or in chains (can also be benthic) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
2 flagella, lack SiO2, but can be armored (plates made of cellulose) and toxic (red tide).
-Some bioluminescence.
-Many are not photosynthetic but heterotrophic.
-Usually solitary, rarely forming chains |
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Term
Classification of Estuaries
(4 points) |
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Definition
-Drowned river mouth
-Fjords
-Bar-built
-Tectonic |
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Term
Type of Estuaries
(4 points) |
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Definition
-Salt Wedge (ex. Mississippi River)
-Well Mixed (ex. Columbia River)
-Parially Mixed (ex. Puget Sound)
-Fjord (ex. Puget Sound) |
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Term
| Physical: traits in an Unusual Estuary |
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Definition
-Ocean entrances near its mouth and head
-Major source of fresh water near its mouth (Connecticut River)
-East River – a tidal strait
-Long-term flux of salt water is from the Sound “up stream” to New York Harbor
-Long-term net flux of water is toward the Harbor |
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Term
| Geomorphological: traits in an Unusual Estuary |
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Definition
-Neither a coastal plain estuary (drowned river valley) nor a fjord
-But shaped by glaciers and
-Has a sill near its mouth
-Flanks are geologically dissimilar
-Thalwag is parallel to mainland |
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Term
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Definition
-Depression filled with sea water partially separated by land or submarine barriers from the open ocean
-Somewhere in the barrier is a depression forming an entrance. The depth of the entrance is called the sill depth. |
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Term
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Definition
| The introduction of man-made materials that increase the concentration of a substance in seawater, sediments, or organisms above the natural background level for the area or organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| The introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy to the marine environment resulting in deleterious effects |
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Term
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Definition
Pollutants not subject to bacterial degradation
Heavy metals
-Mercury, cadmium, copper, lead, zinc |
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Term
| Non-conservative Pollutants |
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Definition
-Pollutants subject to bacterial degradation
-Organic materials such as
-sewage
-sewage sludge
-oil |
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Term
| Disposal Options for Wastes not Reusable or Recyclable |
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Definition
-Landfilling
-Incineration
-Ocean disposal |
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Term
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Definition
-screening, floatation, and sedimentation
-reduces course and floating solids and grease |
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Term
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Definition
-A biological treatment process that follows primary treatment
-Removes most colloidal and dissolved material, increasing removal of TSS and BOD |
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Term
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Definition
| -Processing beyond secondary treatment that can include nitrogen and phosphorous removal |
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Term
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Definition
| Aerobic process using methanol as a carbon source |
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