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| What are the two systems of the earth? |
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| How many spheres are there in Earth? |
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Definition
| Four: Atmosphere, LIthosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere |
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| That related to life (plants, etc.) |
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| What is the Scientific Method? |
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Definition
| Scientists assume that the natural world is consistent ad predictable. |
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| What is the Scientific Method goal? |
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Definition
| To discover patterns in nature and use the patterns to make predictions. |
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| The Scientific Method steps are: |
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Definition
| Observations. Hypotheses. Theory. Law. "The Truth" in progress. |
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| The process of discoering unifying principles in data obtained from the oean, it's life forms and the bordering lands. |
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| It is a systematic process of asking questions about the observable world and then testing the answer to those questions. |
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| Describe the origins and the formation of the universe |
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Definition
| Big Bang. Incandescent gasses (no matter yet). Gasses cooled enough to form simple elements (H4+He). Stars formed then died. |
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Term
| What is the Nebular Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Exploding star creates incandescent cloud of gasses and elements (known as nebula). Nebula begins to rotate. Gravity concentrates matter towards the center, forms a "proto-star". Dust sized particles begin to smash together to form larger particles. |
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| By the accretion of particles, initially larger than they are today. |
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| What is the composition of planets? |
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| Thin, hard shell of earth, molten inside, lots of volcanic activity. |
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| What formed the first atmosphere? |
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Definition
| Outgassing from volcanic activity of protoearth. |
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Term
| Descirbe formation of our moon |
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Definition
| An object the size of Mars collided with us, got stuck inside Earth, then debris encircled the earth eventually forming our moon. |
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| How long ago was our moon formed |
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| What caused the formation of the asteroid belt? |
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Definition
| It was left over in the beginning of the universe or its debris from our moon being formed. |
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| Name three proofs that confirm the theory about the formation of our moon |
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Definition
| Our core is very large, Similar composition to iron mollecules.. Moon is similar in composition to Earth |
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Term
| Describe the formation of layers within the earth |
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Definition
| Radioactive elements plus thermal contraction equal density stratification. |
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| Describe formation of our atmosphere |
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Definition
| First atmosphere formed by outgassing. Solar radiation stripped away initial atmospheres and blew away remains of nebular gases. |
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Term
| HOw are our oceans formed? |
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Definition
| Outgassing formed hot clouds that eventually cooled and then hat our first (hot) rains. Then the rains cooled the surface of the earth and began to erode the surface rocks forming the first oceans. |
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Term
| How many years was the first rain? |
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Definition
| 25 million. Water may have covered the surface of the earth for 200 MY. |
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| Where did salt come from? |
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| Why did our atmosphere begin to change chemically? |
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Definition
| The brakdown of crust into sediments to form rocks. Release of oxygen by the ancestors of green plants (2 BYA) |
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Term
| Compare the chemical composition of today's atmosphere with that of early EArth |
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Definition
| CO2 was 98% then. NItrogen was 1.9% and barely trace of oxygen. Now, 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen and 0.037% co2 |
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Term
| What is the hypothesis of origins of life on earth and give two examples of supporting evidence. |
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Definition
| Life began in the ocean because all KNOWN organisms need water to survive and all the earliest fossils are found in marine rocks. |
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Term
| How old is the earliest lifeform and from where |
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Definition
| Cyanobacteria that is 3.4-3.5 BYO and from NW Australia |
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Term
| How did cyanobacteria contribute to the process of life form |
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Definition
| By forming stomatolites which are colonial strucutres formed by cyanobacter and other microbes which were able to produce their own food. |
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Term
| When did Stanley Miller conduct his experience |
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Definition
| 1953 at the U of Chicago. |
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| What was STanley Miller's experiment? |
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Definition
| He simulated primitive Earth in a bottle. |
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| Describe the theory produced after Miller's experiment. |
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Definition
| That the organic compounds and amino acids necessary for life could have been produced in the ocean. |
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| What is an alternative hypothesis of origins of life |
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Definition
| Perhaps these compounds were brought to Earth on comets and asteroids which crashed into the earth during its birth. |
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| Describe the three easy steps of the origins of life |
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Definition
1. Make organic mollecules (Miller)
2. Replicate self.
3. Metabolism. |
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| What is the result of oceans and photosyntehsis |
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