Term
|
Definition
| intersection of a plane passing through the center of the earth with the surface of the earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unit of length equal to 1852 m or 1.15 land miles or 1 minute of latitude |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of projecting lines of latitude and longitude onto a plane surface to create a map with specific physical properties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study and mapping of seafloor elevations and the variations of water depth; topography of the sea floor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point in the sky that is immediately overhead |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| universal time; along the prime meridian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a source or place of temporary residence for water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of water among the land, oceans and atmosphere due to vertical and horizontal transport, evaporation and precipitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (think reservoir); mean time that a substance remains in a given area before being replaced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| graph of land elevation and ocean depth versus area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| system of determining and displaying the distance of an object by measuring the time interval between transmission of a radio signal and reception of the echo return |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| navigational system in which position is determined by measuring the difference in the time of reception of synchronized radio signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transition of a substance from its solid state to its gaseous state without becoming a liquid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which plants return moisture to air |
|
|
Term
| Global Positioning System |
|
Definition
| a worldwide radio-navigation system consisting of twenty-four navigational satellites and give ground-based monitoring stations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time required for half of an initial quantity of a radioactive isotope to decay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time of the year when the sun stands directly above 23 1/2 north latitude |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parallel to the equator (north/south) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| east or west of prime meridian (vertical) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meridian of 0 degrees longitude |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an imaginary line through the pacific ocean (180 longitude) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner most region of earth; 1222km thickness; solid; metallic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounds inner core; thickness = 2258km; liquid flows with speeds of about 1 km/year; metallic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| main bulk of earth between crust and core; thickness - 2866km; solid but deformable; flows slowly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer shell of the solid earth; continental thickness is about 40km (has granite); oceanic crust thickness is about 7km (has basalt) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how we know the internal structure of the earth; elastic waves created by earthquakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strong rigid surface shell, consists of the crest and the upper mantle fused together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer below the lithosphere; temperature and pressure conditions leads to partial melting of the rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (aka primary wave) a type of seismic wave that can propagate through liquid; fast; think of a slinky |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (secondary wave) type of seismic wave; cannot propagate through liquid; slow; think of a rope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in direction/bending of wave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanism by which areas of the Earth's crust rise or subside until their masses are in balance, "floating" on the mantle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long, narrow elevation of the sea floor with steep slides and irregular topography; if their mountain ranges are steep and narrow = ridge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long, broad elevation that rises gently and generally smoothly from the sea floor; if their mountain ranges are gentler and broad = rise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long, deep & narrow depression of the sea floor (associate with subduction zone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the circulation of fluid in the asthenosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of crustal plates away from the mid-ocean ridges; process that creates new crustal material at the mid-ocean ridges; results in spreading center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plane descending away from a trench and defined by its seismic activity, interpreted as the convergence zone between a sinking plate and an overriding plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic and inorganic matter that accumulates in loose form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vertical, cylindric sample of bottom sediments, from which the nature of the bottom can be determined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a magnetic field like the Earth's; has two opposite poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| north magnetic pole becomes south (or vice versa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| create magnetic stripes on the seafloor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the period of time during which the present oceans have been created |
|
|
Term
| where is measured heat flow greatest along the oceanic crust? |
|
Definition
| in the center of ocean basins nearest the mid-ocean ridges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two plates that are moving apart from one another |
|
|
Term
| convergent plate boundary |
|
Definition
| two plates that are converging or colliding with one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fault with horizontal displacement connecting the ends of an offset in a mid-ocean ridge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| submerged, flat-topped seamount |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| method or equipment for determining by under water sound the presence, location or nature of objects in the sea; derives from sound navigation & ranging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| zone along which there is a marked increase of slope at the outer margin of a continental shelf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatively steep downward slope from the continental shelf break to depth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the zone bordering a continent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatively narrow, V-shaped, deep depression with steep slopes, the bottom of which grades continuously downward across the continental slope. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dense, sediment-laden current flowing downward along an underwater slope; disposes turbidite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gentle slope formed by the deposition of sediments at the base of a continental slope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flat ocean basin floor extending seaward from the base of the continental slope and continental rise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low, rounded submarine hill less than 100 m high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reef attached directly to the shore of an island or a continent and not separated from it by a lagoon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coral reef that parallels land but is some distance offshore, with water between reef and land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ring-shaped coral reef that encloses a lagoon in which there is no exposed preexisting land and which is surrounded by the open sea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chain of volcanic islands formed when plates converge at a subduction zone |
|
|
Term
| which of following statements is an accurate in regards to the use of satellite altimeters to measure bathymetry? |
|
Definition
| the gravitational anomaly due to subsurface bathymetric features causes the sea surface to be elevated or depressed, which is then measured using radar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sediment composed of rock particles eroded mainly from the continents by water, wind and waves; coming off the land and also from volcanoes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sediment formed from substances dissolved in seawater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shell and coral fragments as well as hard skeletal part of Plankton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the thickest ocean sedimentary deposits are found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minute, one-celled animals that usually secrete calcareous shells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sediment or rock formed from the accumulation of carbonate minerals precipitated organically or inorganically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depth where calcium carbonate begins to dissolve |
|
|
Term
| carbonate compensation depth (CCD) |
|
Definition
| the depth at which the amount of calcium carbonate preserved falls below 20% of the total sediments; no calcium carbonate will be deposited below this depth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sedimentary rock composed largely of calcium phosphates; used to produce phosphate fertilizers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lumps found on the deep ocean floor; 18% manganese, 17% iron, with smaller amounts of nickel, cobalt and copper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flat borders of varying width that slope very gently towards the ocean basin; edge of continent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microscopic, planktonic alga surrounded by a cell wall with embedded calcareous plates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microscopic unicellular alga with an external skeleton of silica |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single-celled protozoans with siliceous skeletons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fine rock powder blown out to sea by wind and swept out of the atmosphere by rain, may remain suspended in water for many years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fine-grained deep-ocean biogenous sediment containing at least 30% calcereous tests, or the remains of small marine organisms |
|
|
Term
| Under which conditions do calcium carbonate shells dissolve more rapidly? |
|
Definition
| all of the above (at high pressure, in low pH water, in cold water) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weak attraction between the positively polar hydrogen of one water molecule and the negatively polar oxygen of another water molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a physical boundary between crust and mantle |
|
|
Term
| reservoirs are water frozen in icecaps and glaciers is not considered a reservoir because it is frozen. T/F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of heat required to change the state of 1 g of water from ice to liquid |
|
|
Term
| latent heat of vaporization |
|
Definition
| amount of heat required to change the state of 1 g of water from liquid to gas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quantity of heat required to produce a unit change in temperature in a unit of mass material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecular force between particles within a substance that acts to unite them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of liquid surface to contract owing to bonding forces between molecules; measure of how difficult it is to stretch or penetrate the surface of a liquid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resistance to motion or internal friction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfer of heat energy through matter by internal molecular motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmission of heat from a heated gas or liquid, vertical circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy transmitted as rays or waves, without the need of a substance to conduct energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taking in of a substance by chemical or molecular means; changing of sound or light energy into some other form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by absorption, scattering and divergence, the decrease in the energy of a wave or beam of particles occurring as the distance from the source increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area of the ocean into which sound does not penetrate because the density of the water refracts the sound waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| natural sound channel in the oceans in which sound can be transmitted for very long distances; depth of minimum sound velocity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a molecule with unbalanced electrical charge; 105 degrees |
|
|
