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· Atoms are the most important structure, they are the basic building blocks of all matter. An atom contains a nucleus as its center, with protons, neutrons and electrons as the outer circle.
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· Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have a neutral charge and electrons are comprised of both positive and neutral charged neutrons.
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| is a group of two or more atoms held together by mutually shared electrons/ |
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| Covalent Bonds in a water molecule |
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| in a water molecule are due to the sharing of electrons between oxygen and each hydrogen atom. |
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| i.e. having the quality of... water molecules are dipolar meaning there are charges on each pole. |
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| relatively weak interactions that become significant only when molecules are very close together, as in liquid and solid states. |
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Heat is the energy of moving molecules. It is proportional to the energy level of molecules and thus is the total kinetic energy of a substance
A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature. |
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| Temperature is the direct measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules that make up a substance. The greater the temperature the greater the kinetic energy. |
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Water has unique qualities based on its molecular structure that make it capable of dissolving most substances. Water in its liquid state is obviously necessary to life on Earth, but other forms of H2O like ice and water vapor are nearly as important to the conditions and processes on Earth. The oceans contain dissolved substances from the atmosphere, continents, and sea floor. Global ocean water has a remarkably constant composition, indicating that water in the oceans mixes more rapidly than the rates of the processes that regulate the major components of ocean salinity. In this chapter, we'll examine some of the chemical and physical properties of water and seawater.
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In the liquid state water molecules still interact with each other but they have enough kinetic energy to flow past each other and take the shape of their container.
In the gaseous state water molecules no longer interact with one another except during random collisions. |
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| Water's freezing and boiling points |
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The temperature at which melting occurs is the substance's melting point.
The temperature at which freezing occurs is the substances freezing point.
The temperature at which boiling occurs is the substances boiling point.
The highest temperature at which condensation occurs is the substances condensation point. |
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| heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of any substance by 1 degree centigrade. |
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| International Law of the Sea |
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o United Nations administers and signed on by most countries in the 1960’s.
o Two divisions: 12 miles limit and the 200 mile limit
o 12 Mile Limit controls: actions of civilians fishing in the ocean. “Fishing Limit” allowed within 12-mile limit of a continent.
o 200 Mile Limit: relates to natural resource recovery i.e: oil, gas and mineral resources.
o International Law of the Sea: (Manganese) ½ of the resources you recover belong to the U.N. = you not making a profit. Gives countries without an ocean setting a method to redistribute the wealth.
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o Molecular structure: looks like “mickey mouse”
o Molecular weight of hydrogen: 1 so there are 2
o Molecular weight of oxygen: 16
o Molecular weight of water: 18
o Water is weird because opposites attract, the top part of the water molecule is positively charged (+, hydrogen is positively charged) the oxygen is negatively charged (-) so the hydrogen ions will attract negative (anion) ions and the oxygen will attract positive ions (cation)
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| Global Thermostatic Effects |
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| The thermostatic effects of water are those properties that act to moderate changes in temperature, which in turn effect Earth's climate. |
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| Marine Effect/Continental Effect |
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describes locations that experience the moderating influences of the ocean, usually along coastlines or islands.
Continental effect is a condition of continentality, refers to areas less affected by the sea and therefore having a greater range of temperature differences |
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| How heavy something is for its size |
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| Density of most substances increases as temperature decreases. Density increases as temperature decreases because the molecules lose energy and slow down so they occupy less space. This shrinkage is called: thermal contraction. |
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| Differences between pure water and seawater? |
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Salinity:total amount of solid material dissolved in water
Seawater: is 220 X saliter than freshwater |
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Is done by using the principle of constant proportions. in which the major dissolved constituents responsible for the salinity of seawater occur nearly everywhere in the ocean in the exact same proportions
Seawater salinity can be measured using a salinometer. |
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| Comparing pure water and seawater |
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Pure water
Property: Clear in small quantities, Blue-green in large quantities
Odor: Odorless
Taste: Tastless
pH: Neutral 7.0
Density at 4 C: 1.000 g/cm
Freezing Point: 0 C
Boiling Point: 100 C
SeaWater:
Color: Small quantities: clear
Large quantities: Blue-Green
Odor: Distinctly marine
Taste: Distinctly salty
pH: 8.0-8.1 alkaline
Density at 4 C: 1.028 g/cm
Freezing point: -1.9C
Boiling point: 100/6 C |
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