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oceanography final: ch 15
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11
Science
Undergraduate 3
12/04/2010

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Term
Autotrophs first, then animals
Definition
During the oxygen revolution, between 2 billion and 400 million years ago, photosynthetic autotrophs - mostly bacteria - caused a rapid rise in the amount of oxygen in the air, which made possible the evolution of animals. Animals are thought to have arisen between 900 million and 600 million years ago
Term
Invertebrates
Definition
  • Animals without a backbone (a row of bones called vertebrae)
  • make up 97% of all known species of animals
  • All major classes have marine species and some classes are exclusively marine
Term
Sponges
Definition
  • Simple organisms that are aggregations of specialized cells
  • Limited cellular organization - cells that are largely independent of each other. no true tissues or organs
  • simplest of multicellular animals
  • Sessile, permanently attached to hard substrates
  • Share a common body plan
  • No symmetry - asymmetrical
Term
Phylum: Cnidaria
Definition
  • Next step up from sponges - evolution of specialized tissues
  • permits coordinated activties: swimming, feeding, responses to external stimuli
  • Sea anemones, jellyfish, corals, sighonophores
  • Radial symmetry
  • Carnivores
  • Stinging cells: cnidoblasts
  • Look the same from all sides
  • oral surface and aboral surface
  • 2 basic form: polyp and medusa
  • Central mout with tentacles (catching food) and one way gut!
Term
Hydrozoans: Hydroids
Definition

both medusa and polyp stage

Sophonophores

  • drifting colonial hydrozoans
  • pelagic predators
  • powerful toxins
Term
Scyphozoans: Jellies
Definition
  • Large medusae are the dominant life stage
  • Large species may reach 3m in diameter
  • Swims in rhythmic contractions
  • Includes a highly toxic group: Cubomedusae
Term
chironex fleckeri
Definition
  • deadliest species of jellyfish
  • box jellyfish are pale blue and transparent
  • box jellyfish is considered the most venomous marine creature
  • it can kill more people than stonefish, sharks and crocodiles combined
Term
Anthozoans
Definition
  • Solitary or colonial polyps that lack a medusa stage
  • Anemones, gorgonians, corals
Term
Gorgonians
Definition
  • 'soft corals'
  • protein matrix
  • warm and saltwater
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