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The boundaries of the South Atlantic Ocean are cleary defined by international treaty.

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Outgassing is responsible for nearly all the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere today.

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The Carb Nebula is the remains of a star whos supernova stage was witnessed, and the position marked, by Chinese astronomers in A.D. 1054

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The "Oxygen Revoluion" began approximately 4.5 Billion Years Ago during the accretion phase of Earth

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Conduction within the mantle re-distributes most of the heat within planet Earth

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The inner core behaves as a plastic/elastic material because approximately 2% of it is melted.

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Relative age dating is the process of determining the specific age of rocks (e.g. - this rock is 1.4 million years old)

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The Earth's lithosphere and crust float on the asthenosphere because, on average, they are less dense than the asthenosphere.

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Oceanic Plates that are the oldest will be colder and more dense. Therefore, they are the most likely to resist subduction.

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There are approximately 120 Hot Springs around Planet Earth

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The "P-wave Shadow Zone," as observed and described by Oldham, is one piece of evidence supporting the existence of the outer core.

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Earth's early atmosphere (4.5 billion years ago) was able to  support life as it exists today

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"S-wave" velocity increases when traveling though any liquid or gas.

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An Island Arc System forms on the over-riding oceanic plate, while an Ocean Trench forms parallel to the Island Arc System where the subducting plate bends into the subsurface.

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The molten magma from the asthenosphere that fills the gap created at the spreading ridge is composed of basalt-like material *(peridotite) which makes new ocean sea-floor.

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Lithospheric plates become younger away from spreading ridges.

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Sonar, developed during WWII, provied to have limited applicability to Bathymetric Mapping

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A magnetometer is used to measure the density of a rock sample

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Island arc systems always form in association with Transform Plate Boundaries

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Normal and reverse paleomagnetic stripes in the rocks, parallel to the spreading-ridge rift valley, and symmetric along each side of the valley, are one piece of evidence that the theory of "Sea Floor Spreading" is operating.

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The collision of the contiental India Plate with the continental Asian Plate has formed the Himalayan Mountains.