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OCCTH 610 Physiology Lecture 9/9
OCCTH 610 Physiology Lecture 9/9
50
Health Care
Graduate
10/03/2010

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Term
What are 4 functions of the plasma membrane?
Definition
1. physical isolation
2. regulates exchange with environment
3. monitors the environment
4. structural support
Term
What is the mitochondria?
Definition
the "power house" where energy is made
muscle is full of mitochondria
Term
The plasma membrane is made up of a ?
Definition
phospholipid bilayer
Term
What is a lipid that is a precursor to steroids and gives structure to the bilayer and holds it together
Definition
cholesterol
Term
Definition of a mitochondria?
Definition
a membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy.[2] In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in a range of other processes, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as the control of the cell cycle and cell growth
Term
What is needed to hydrolize ATP
Definition
ATPace
Term
1 Glucose molecule makes how many ATP?
Definition
36 ATP
Term
1 Triglyceride molecule makes how many ATP?
Definition
144 ATP
Term
1 Triglyceride =
Definition
3 fatty acids
8 C
Term
Fatty acid =
Definition
4 acetyl CoA + 1 acetyl
Term
CoA =
Definition
12 ATP's
Term
What are the steps of the Krebs Cycle?
Definition
take Acetyl CoA
goes into Krebs Cycle
input acetyl
ends with a bunch of ATP
Term
What are the three specific transport pathways through the cell membrane?
Definition
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Term
What is facilitated diffusion?
Definition
Facilitated diffusion is the spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane passing through specific transmembrane transport proteins. The facilitated diffusion may occur either across biological membranes or through aqueous compartments of an organism
Term
What is active transport?
Definition
Active transport is the movement of a substance against its concentration energy. In all cells this is usually concerned with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs, such as ions, glucose, amino acids. If the process uses chemical energy, such as from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), it is termed primary active transport. Secondary active transport involves the use of an electrochemical gradient. Active transport uses energy, unlike passive transport, which does not use any type of energy. Active transport is a good example of a process for which cells require energy. Examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose in the intestines in humans and the uptake of mineral ions into root hair cells of plants.
Term
What is diffusion
Definition
Diffusion describes the spread of particles through random motion from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.
Term
Lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through the:
Definition
plamsa membrane
Term
Small water-soluble molecules and ions diffuse through:
Definition
membrane channels
Term
Large molecules that cannot diffuse through lipids cannot cross plasma membrane unless they are transported by:
Definition
a carrier mechanism
Term
What is osmosis?
Definition
is the movement of water molecules across a selectively-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient.[1] More specifically, it is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration). Less specifically, it is when water moves. It is a physical process in which a solvent moves, without input of energy, across a semipermeable membrane (permeable to the solvent, but not the solute) separating two solutions of different concentrations.[2] Osmosis releases energy, and can be made to do work.[3] Osmosis is a passive process, like diffusion.
Term
What is tonicity?
Definition
Tonicity is a measure of the osmotic pressure (as defined by the water potential of the two solutions) of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane.
Term
What does isotonic mean?
Definition
Isotonic solutions contain equal concentrations of impermeable solutes on either side of the membrane.
Term
What does hypertonic mean?
Definition
A hypertonic solution is a solution having a greater solute concentration than the cytosol. It contains a greater concentration of impermeable solutes on the external side of the membrane. When a cell’s cytoplasm is bathed in a hypertonic solution the water will be drawn into the solution and out of the cell by osmosis. If water molecules continue to diffuse out of the cell, it will cause the cell to shrink, or crenate.
Term
What does hypotonic mean?
Definition
A hypotonic solution is a solution having a lesser solute concentration than the cytosol. It contains a lesser concentration of impermeable solutes on the external side of the membrane. When a cell’s cytoplasm is bathed in a hypotonic solution the water will be drawn out of the solution and into the cell by osmosis. If water molecules continue to diffuse into the cell, it will cause the cell to swell, up to the point that lysis (rupture) may occur.
Term
What happens to the carrier protein during facilitated diffusion?
Definition
It changes shape
Term
What are the 3 main steps in facilitated diffusion?
Definition
1. glucose molecule attaches to receptro site
2. carrier protein changes shape
3. glucose released into cytoplasm
Term
What is an action potential?
Definition
an action potential is a short-lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls, following a stereotyped trajectory. Action potentials occur in several types of animal cells, called excitable cells, which include neurons, muscle cells, and endocrine cells. In neurons, they play a central role in cell-to-cell communication. In other types of cells, their main function is to activate intracellular processes. In muscle cells, for example, an action potential is the first step in the chain of events leading to contraction
Term
What is the Sodium Potassium Pump
Definition
An enzyme located in the plasma membrane
Active transport is responsible for cells containing relatively high concentrations of potassium ions but low concentrations of sodium ions. The mechanism responsible for this is the sodium-potassium pump, which moves these two ions in opposite directions across the plasma membrane.
Term
What are the main steps in the process of an action potential?
Definition
1. Resting Potential
2. Depolarization
3. Re-polarization
4. Hype-rpolarization
5. Resting Potential
Term
What happens during the action potential period?
Definition
De-polarization & Re-polarization
Term
What happens during the action potential period?
Definition
De-polarization & Re-polarization
Term
With an action potential what happens during the refractory period ?
Definition
Hyper-polarization & resting potential
Term
What is the threshold potential?
Definition
threshold potential is the membrane potential to which a membrane must be depolarized to initiate an action potential.
It often can be between −40 and -55 mV, but it can vary based upon several factors
Term
What is the resting potential?
Definition
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.
Term
What is re-polarization?
Definition
repolarization refers to the change in membrane potential that returns the membrane potential to a negative value after the depolarization phase of an action potential has just previously changed the membrane potential to a positive value. Repolarization results from the movement of positively charged potassium ions out of the cell. Typically the repolarization phase of an action potential results in hyperpolarization, attainment of a membrane potential that is more negative than the resting potential.
Term
What is usually the peak of an action potential in milivolts?
Definition
+40 milivolts
Term
What is hyper-polarization?
Definition
is a change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative. It is the opposite of a depolarization.
Term
All _____ cells have the ability to have action potential?
Definition
excitable
Term
What doe poisons do to your cells?
Definition
inhibit your cells from firing an action potential
Term
Channel proteins are used for:
Definition
simple diffusion
Term
Carrier proteins are used to move ions across membranes for:
Definition
1. facilitated diffusion
2. Active transport
Term
What does co-trasnport mean?
Definition
Co-transport, also known as coupled transport, refers to the simultaneous or sequential passive transfer of molecules or ions across biological membranes in a fixed ratio. Permitting one ion or molecule to move from the side where it is more concentrated to that where it is less concentrated increases entropy and can serve as a source of energy for metabolism (e.g. in ATP synthase). In cotransporters, it is used to force the transport of another ion or molecule (usually) from the side where it is less concentrated to that where it is more concentrated.
Term
What are the names of the 2 other types of transport?
Definition
1. co-transport
2. counter transport
Term
Co-transport
Definition
2 ions transported together in same direction
Term
Counter transport
Definition
2 ions transporting together but 1 in 1 direction and 1 in the other direction (Criss cross)
Term
In osmosis, the movement of water wants to go in what direction?
Definition
hypo (tonic) to hyper (tonic)
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
bulk transport out of the cell
Term
endocytosis
Definition
bulk transport into a cell
Term
What is pinocytosis?
Definition
a form of endocytosis in which small particles are brought into the cell suspended within small vesicles which subsequently fuse with lysosomes to hydrolyze, or to break down, the particles. This process requires a lot energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, the chemical compound used as energy in the majority of cells. Pinocytosis is primarily used for the absorption of extracellular fluids (ECF), and in contrast to phagocytosis, generates very small vesicles
Term
What is phagocytosis?
Definition
is the cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome by phagocytes and protists. Phagocytosis is a specific form of endocytosis involving the vesicular internalization of solid particles, such as bacteria, and is, therefore, distinct from other forms of endocytosis such as the vesicular internalization of various liquids. Phagocytosis is involved in the acquisition of nutrients for some cells, and, in the immune system
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