Term
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Definition
| -simple sugars with 3-7 carbon atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| -2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis |
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Term
| What are polysaccharides? |
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Definition
| many monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis |
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Term
| What are 3 examples of monosaccharides? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 examples of disaccharides? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 examples of polysaccharides? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most abundant and important organic molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the important functional groups of organic molecules? |
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Definition
-COOH (Carboxylic Acid)
-NH2 (Amino Group)
-OH (Hydroxyl Group)
-PO4 (Phosphate group) |
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Term
| What is an example of carboxylic acid |
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Definition
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Term
| what is an example of an amine group |
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Definition
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Term
| what is an example of a hydroxyl group? |
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Definition
carbohydrates
fatty acids
amino acids |
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Term
| What is an example of a phosphate groups |
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Definition
phospholipids
nucleic acids
high energy compounds |
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Term
| What are 3 examples of conjugated Carbohydrates |
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Definition
glycolipids
glycoproteins
proteoglycans |
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Term
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Definition
| Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a certain molecule is split into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water. One fragment of the parent molecule gains a hydrogen ion (H+) from the additional water molecule. The other group collects the remaining hydroxyl group (OH−). |
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Term
| What is dehydration synthesis |
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Definition
| a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule |
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Term
| Name the three structural classes of carbs in the body |
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Definition
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides |
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Term
| Name 3 examples of carbs in the body |
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Definition
Glucose, fructose
sucrose, lactose, maltose
glycogen |
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Term
| Lipids are mostly made of: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| signaling molecules made by oxidation of twenty-carbon essential fatty acids, (EFAs). They exert complex control over many bodily systems, mainly in inflammation or immunity, and as messengers in the central nervous system |
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Term
| Eicosanoids are derived from: |
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Definition
| fatty acid arachidonic acid |
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Term
| What are two types of eicosanoids? |
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Definition
leukotrienes (active in immune system)
prostaglandins (local hormones, short-chain fatty acids) |
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Term
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Definition
| class of lipids and are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers. Most phospholipids contain a diglyceride, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as choline |
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Term
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Definition
| a thin membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around cells. The cell membrane of almost all living organisms and many viruses are made of a lipid bilayer, as are the membranes surrounding the cell nucleus and other sub-cellular structures. The lipid bilayer is the barrier that keeps ions, proteins and other molecules where they are needed and prevents them from diffusing into areas where they should not be. Lipid bilayers are ideally suited to this role because, even though they are only a few nanometers thick, they are impermeable to most water-soluble (hydrophilic) molecules. Bilayers are particularly impermeable to ions, which allows cells to regulate salt concentrations and pH by pumping ions across their membranes using proteins called ion pumps. |
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Term
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Definition
| lipids with a carbohydrate attached. Their role is to provide energy and also serve as markers for cellular recognition. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of organic compound that contains a specific arrangement of four rings that are joined to each other. Examples of steroids include cholesterol, the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone |
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Term
| Name three examples of steroids? |
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Definition
cholesterol
estrogen
testosterone |
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Term
| What are the two types of heads that a phospholipids contain |
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Definition
hydrophilic & hydrophobic
(Glycolipid = the hydrophilic part is the cholesterol) |
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Term
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Definition
| a broad group of naturally occurring molecules which includes fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. The main biological functions of lipids include energy storage, as structural components of cell membranes, and as important signaling molecules. |
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Term
| Name 5 lipid types in the body: |
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Definition
Fatty Acids
Eicosanoids
glycerides
steroids
phospholipids/glycolipids |
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Term
| What are the 7 functions of proteins |
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Definition
1. Structure (collagen, keratin)
2. Communication (some hormones, cell receptors)
3. Membrane transport (channels, carriers)
4. Catalysis (enzymes)
5. Recognition & Protection (antigens, antibodies & clotting proteins)
6. Movement (molecular motor = molecules that can change shape repeatedly)
7. Cell adhesion (proteins bind cells together) |
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Term
| What are the 4 basic elements that proteins contain? |
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Definition
C (Carbon)
H (Hydrogen)
O (Oxygen)
N (Nitrogen) |
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Term
| What are the 3 main parts of an amino acid struture |
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Definition
Amino group
R Group
Carboxylic Acid Group |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. The amino acids in a polymer are joined together by the peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. |
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Term
| What are the 4 different protein structures? |
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Definition
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary Structure |
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Term
| What are the two main types of proteins: |
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Definition
FIBROUS PROTEINS
(structural sheets or strands)
GLOBULAR PROTEINS
(soluble spheres with active functions)
(protein function is based on shape)
**Shape is based on sequence of amino acids** |
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Term
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Definition
CATALYSTS
* proteins that lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction
SPECIFIC
LIMITED
REGULATED |
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Term
| What are the 3 steps in an Enzyme reaction? |
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Definition
1. substrates bind to active site of enzyme
2. aided by enzyme, substrates interact to form product
3. product detaches from enzyme; entire process can no be repeated |
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Term
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Definition
| a non-protein chemical compound that is bound to a protein and is required for the protein's biological activity. These proteins are commonly enzymes, and cofactors can be considered "helper molecules" that assist in biochemical transformations. Cofactors can also be classified depending on how tightly they bind to an enzyme, with loosely-bound cofactors termed coenzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonprotein organic Cofactors (Vitamins) |
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Term
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Definition
| An ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind |
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Term
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Definition
are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction
* two enzymes that can catalyze the same reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Large organic molecules that STORE & PROCESS INFORMATION at the molecular level |
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Term
| What are two examples of Nucleic Acids |
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Definition
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) |
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Term
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Definition
1.Determines inherited characteristics
2. Directs protein synthesis
3. Controls enzyme production
4. Controls metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis |
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Term
| What is protein synthesis |
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Definition
| the process in which cells build proteins. The term is sometimes used to refer only to protein translation but more often it refers to a multi-step process, beginning with amino acid synthesis and transcription of nuclear DNA into messenger RNA, which is then used as input to translation. |
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Term
| What are the 3 components of a Nucleotide |
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Definition
Sugar
Phosphate
(Nitrogenous Base)
In RNA the Sugar is Ribose |
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Term
| What are the two types of nitrogenous bases within a nucleotide? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two specific purines? |
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Definition
adenine (RED)
guanine (GREEN) |
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Term
| What are the 3 specific pyrimidines |
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Definition
cytosine (PURPLE)
thymine (BLUE) (DNA ONLY)
Uracil (GREY) (RNA ONLY) |
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Term
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Definition
mRNA (Messenger RNA)
tRNA (Transfer RNA)
rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer.[1] ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is produced by photophosphorylation and cellular respiration and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes |
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Term
| How many phosphates does ATP contain |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
ATP Binds with ATPase (hydrolysis)
This creates ADP (ENERGY) (ADP + Pi) |
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Term
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Definition
| essential molecules obtained from food |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules made or broken down in the body |
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Term
| What are inorganic Molecules |
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Definition
| molecules not based on Carbon & hydrogen |
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Term
| What are examples of inorganic molecules? |
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Definition
carbon dioxide
oxygen
water
inorganic acids, bases, salts |
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Term
| What are organic molecules |
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Definition
| molecules based on carbon and hydrogen |
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Term
| What are examples of organic molecules? |
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Definition
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids |
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Term
| What are the 5 major elements in the human body |
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Definition
Oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
calcium
phosphorus |
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Term
| What are the 4 major important parts of Water |
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Definition
1. solubility
2. reactivity
3. high heat capacity
4. lubrication |
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Term
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Definition
| waters ability to dissolve a solute in a solvent to make a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| most body chemistry occurs in water |
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Term
| What is high-heat capacity? |
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Definition
| waters ability to absorb and retain heat |
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Term
| What is the importance of lubrication? |
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Definition
| to moisten and reduce friction |
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Term
| On the pH scale what is considered Neutral? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| On the pH scale what is considered extremely acidic |
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Definition
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Term
| On the pH scale what is considered extremely basic |
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Definition
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Term
| What are a few examples of things that are acidic in order from greatest to least ? |
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Definition
hydrochloric acid
stomach acid
beer, vinegar, wine, pickles,
tomatoes, grapes
saliva, milk |
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Term
| What are examples of things that are basic from greatest to least |
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Definition
sodium hydroxide
oven cleaner
household ammonia
household bleach
ocean water
eggs
blood |
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Term
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Definition
1. a solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution
2. proton donor
3. strong acids dissociate completely in solution |
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Term
|
Definition
1. A solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution
2. Proton acceptor
3. strong bases dissociated completely in solution |
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Term
| What are two components of weak acids and weak bases? |
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Definition
1. fail to dissociate completely
2. help to balance the pH |
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Term
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Definition
| solutes that dissociate into cations & anions other then hydrogen ions & hydroxide ions. |
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Term
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Definition
1. weak acid/salt compounds
2. neutralizes either strong acid or strong base
3. sodium bicarbonate is very important in humans |
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Term
|
Definition
1. A basic compound that neutralizes acid and forms a salt
2. Tums, Rolaids, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| s a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution |
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Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the ability of a solution to neutralize acids to the equivalence point of carbonate or bicarbonate |
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Term
What are carbs made up of?
What are lipids made up of? |
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Definition
C, H, O (1:2:1)
C, H (1:2) O |
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Term
| What is most likely to be changed by heating a protein, its primary structure or its tertiary structure |
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Definition
| A protein’s tertiary structure is much more likely to be altered in heating because the bonds holding a tertiary structure together are hydrogen bonds, which are relatively weak, while the peptide bonds holding together the primary polypeptide are covalent bonds, which are much stronger. |
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Term
Which reaction - dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis converts a polymer to its monomers?
Monomers to polymer |
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Definition
dehydration synthesis = is a type of condensation reaction in which monomers join together into polymers while losing water molecules. This process is carried out by losing (-OH) from one of the monomers and (H) from anothermonomer. The two unstable monomers join together, and the (-OH) and (H) combine forming water (H2O).
hydrolysis:Polymers convert into monomers. It is a chemical process in which a molecule is split into 2 parts by the addition of a molecule of water. One fragment of the parent molecule gains a hydrogen ion (H + ) from the additional water molecule. The other group collects the remaining hydroxyl group (OH − ) |
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