Term
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Definition
| Methods for measuring public opinion |
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Term
| What is a population in relation to polls? |
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Definition
| group the poll is to represent |
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| subset of a population from which information is collected and analyzed to learn more about the population as a whole. usually around 1000 people. |
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| Polls that survey a sample of voters immediately after exiting the voting booth to predict the outcome of the election before the ballots are officially counted. |
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| polls that are designed to manipulate the opinions of those being polled |
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| Ballet polls by 19th century newspapers to predict the outcome of elections |
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| polls that seek to guage the change of opinion of the same sample size over a period of time. common over the closing months of a presidential election. |
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| Most well-known and most respected polling firm in the US founded by George Gallup |
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| Group of people who may lead public opinion, such as journalists, politicians, and policy makers |
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| differences in the political attitude and behavior of men and women |
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| What is the latent public opinion? |
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Definition
| opinions and attitude of public that are not always captured in public opinion data but are recognized by public officials and is influential in policy making. |
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| sources of error in public opinion polls in which individuals feel obliged to give an opinion on something when in reality they are unaware of the issue or have no opinion on it |
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| What is party identification? |
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Definition
| attachment or allegiance to a political party. |
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Definition
| condition in which differences between parties and or public are so stark that disagreement breaks out; fueling attacks and controversy |
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| What is the rally-around-the-flag effect? |
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Definition
| surge of public support for the president in times of international crisis. |
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Definition
| impact and influence of one's social environment on the views and attitudes one carries in life. a primary source for political attitudes |
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| What is a Political Party? |
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Definition
| Broad coalitions of individuals who organize to win elections in order to enact a commonly supported set of public policies. |
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Definition
| Initially those who supported ratification of the constitution. Later the name of the political party established by supporters of Alexander Hamilton. |
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| Who were Anti-Federalists? |
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Definition
| Those who opposed ratification of the constitution |
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| What is the Democratic-Republican party? |
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Definition
| Political party formed by Thomas Jefferson to oppose the strong central government policies of federalists. |
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| Political Party formed to oppose the Jackson Democrats. |
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| What does being liberal mean? |
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Definition
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| What does being conservative mean? |
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Definition
| wanting a small government |
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Term
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Definition
| being in between liberal and conservative |
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Definition
| voter identification with a political party in repeated elections. |
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Definition
| attachment or allegiance to a political party. |
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| what does being independent in politics mean? |
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Definition
| voter or candidate who is not affiliated with a political party |
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| use of government expenditure and revenue collection to influence the economy. |
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| FDR program for ending the great depresion through government intervention in the ecconomy and a set of safety-net programs for workers. |
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| a policy for dealing with social issues |
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| minor political parties that present a 3rd alternative to the 2 dominant parties. |
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| What is a primary election? |
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Definition
| election in which voters select the candidates who will run on the party label in the general election. |
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| What is a closed primary? |
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Definition
| Primary election in which the voter must affiliate with a party before casting a vote |
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Term
| What is a semi closed primary? |
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Definition
| Primary election in which party affiliated voters cast votes and nonaffiliated voters can choose which party's primary to vote in |
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Definition
| primary election in which voters do not have to affiliate with a party before voting |
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| What is the patronage system? |
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Definition
| political system in which government programs and benefits are awarded based on political loyalty to a party or politician. |
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Definition
| Coalitions of democrats and republicans in the late 19th century, who believed that government had been captured by corrupt elites who were using government resources to enrich themselves rather than serve citizens |
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| What is the civil service? |
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Definition
| system of employment in the federal bureacracy under which employees are chosen and promoted based on merit |
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Definition
| individual selected by party voters in a primary or caucus election who is committed to supporting a particular presidential nominee at the party's national nominating convention |
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| What is the winner-take-all system? |
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Definition
| electoral system in which whoever wins the most votes in an election wins the election |
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| What is the Mcgovern-Fraser comission? |
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Definition
| Democratic party commission whose reforms of the party's presidential nominating system increased access to underrepresented groups |
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Term
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Definition
democratic party delegates who have a vote at the national nominating convention on the basis of party status or position in government and are free to support the presidential nominnee of their choice.
20% of delegates at the democratic convention are super delegates |
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Term
| What are the constitutional requirements for elections? |
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Definition
election rules are left to the states
only house elected directly by the people
senators elected by state legislatures
president elected by the electoral college |
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| How many electoral votes are there and how many do you need to win? |
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Definition
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| If no candidate gets majority of the votes who decides the winner of the election? |
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Definition
| The house of representatives |
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Term
| What is a battleground state? |
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Definition
| state in which the outcome of the presidential election is uncertain and in which both candidates invest much time and money to win especially if vital for victory in the electoral college |
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Term
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Definition
| organizing and influencing others to donate to a political campaign so as to raise more money than 2500 contribution FEC rules permit per individual |
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Definition
| constitutionally mandated count of the population every ten years |
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Definition
| voters who are neither reliably republican or democrat and are pursued by both partys during an election, as they can determine which candidate wins. |
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Term
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Definition
| states that are not clearly Pro-Republican or Pro-Democrat and therefore are of vital interest to presidential candidates, as they can determine the outcome of the election. |
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Term
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Definition
| Division issue focused on a particular group of the electorate that candidates use to gain more support by taking votes away from their opponents |
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| What is the Hamiltonian model of participation? |
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Definition
| view of participation that suggests that too much participation is a bad thing and that most people are not well enough informed to cast votes |
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Term
| What is the Jeffersonian Model of Participation? |
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Definition
| The more people involved the better |
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Term
| What is strategic retirement? |
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Definition
| Decision to retire from congress based on the unlikelihood of winning the next election |
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Term
| What is compulsivery voting? |
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Definition
Law that makes all people vote
(not in USA) |
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Term
| What was Near v. Minnesota(1931) |
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Definition
| Supreme court case that declared that only in exceptionally rare cases can the government prevent the printing of a new story |
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Term
| What was New York Times v. Sullivan(1964)? |
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Definition
| supreme court case est. that proof of actual malice is required to convict in a libel suit |
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Term
| What is was the pentagon papers case(New York Times Co. v. USA)? |
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Definition
| Supreme court case permitting publication of classified documents on the vietnam war and thus favoring freedom of the press over executive athority of the president. |
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Term
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Definition
| making a statement against public officials or public figures with knowledge that the information was false or with reckless disregard if whether the information was true or false. |
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Term
| What is the minimal effects model? |
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Definition
| view of the media's impact as marginal, since most people seek new and reports that reinforce beliefs already held than to develop new ones |
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Term
| What is the not so minimal effects model? |
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Definition
| Media very much effects the beliefs of the public |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of the media to impact how people view issues, people, or events by controlling what stories are shown and which ones aren't |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of the media to influence public perception of issues by controlling the issue or discussion of a subject in a certain way. |
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Definition
| process whereby the media influences how the public views politicians by emphasizing criteria that makes them look either good or bad |
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Term
| what are 501 (C)(3) organizations? |
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Definition
| Tax-exempt groups that are prohibited from lobying congress or campaigning for a party or candidate |
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Term
| What are political action committees(PACS)? |
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Definition
| Groups formed to raise and contribute funds to support electoral candidates, subject to campaign finance law |
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Term
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Definition
| interests groups of individuals hwo share a common type of employment and seek better wages and working conditions through collective bargaining with employers |
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Term
| What is an interest group? |
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Definition
| group of citizens who share a common interest and try to influence public policy for their own benefit |
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Term
| What are professional associations? |
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Definition
| interest groups that represent individuals who share similar jobs |
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Term
| What are single issue groups? |
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Definition
| groups that form to present one view on a highly salient issue that is intensely important |
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Term
| What are economic interest groups? |
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Definition
| groups formed to advance the economic status of its members |
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Term
| What are ideological interest groups? |
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Definition
| Groups that form amoung citizens with the same beliefs about a specific issue |
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Term
| What are expressive benefits? |
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Definition
| the benefit of having a specific opinion expressed in a larger social or political sphere by a special interest group. |
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Term
| What are material benefits? |
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Definition
| Tangible benefits available only to members of a group, such as discounts and monthly magazines. |
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Term
| What are selective benefits? |
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Definition
| benefits offered exclusively to members of an interest group |
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Term
| What is the free rider problem? |
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Definition
| Problem faced by interest groups when a collective benefit they provide is so widespread and diffuse that members and nonmembers alike recieve it, reducing the incentive for joining the group. |
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Term
| What is the Iron Triangle? |
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Definition
| Insular and closed relationship among interest groups, members of congress, and federal agencies. |
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Term
| What is referred to as the Revolving Door? |
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Definition
| movement of members of congress, lobbyist, and executive branch employees into paid positions in each other's organizations |
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