Term
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Definition
| Large, fast moving ocean wave generated by an earthquake or landslide |
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Term
| What is the SOFAR channel? |
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Definition
| A region of focusing of sound due to increasing pressure and decreasing temperature with the depth in the ocean. |
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Term
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Definition
| Total dissolved materials |
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Term
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Definition
| A depth interval in the ocean where temperature changes rapidly. |
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Term
| At what temperature does sea water with a salinity of 35 ppm freeze at? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the average length of time an ion remains in solution in the ocean termed? |
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Definition
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Term
| A sharp increase in density with depth is termed: |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the average salinity of sea water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most abundant elements dissolved in seawater? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does wave steepness help predict? |
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Definition
| When and where waves will become unstable and break |
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Term
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Definition
| Different wavelengths travel at different speeds |
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Term
| The distance over which the wind blows to create waves is termed: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Generated by winds, but have moved out of the storm area and become regularly spaced as they cross the ocean. |
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Term
| Where do plunging breakers form? |
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Definition
| There is a steep bottom slope. |
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Term
| In what year is there good evidence that the last big cascadia earth quake was triggered? |
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Definition
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Term
| When a wave crest is observed to move at 25 meters per second across the ocean, what is actually moving at 25 meters per second? |
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Definition
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Term
| The process in which water molecules change to a gas at temperatures below the boiling point is termed: |
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Definition
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Term
| Water's unexpectedly high boiling and melting temperatures depend on what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Evaporation exceeds WHAT over oceans? |
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Definition
| Evaporation exceeds precipitation |
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Term
| What is the well lighted portion of the ocean termed? |
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Definition
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Term
| High tides are highest during: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| differences in air pressure |
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Term
| Coriolis deflection is caused by: |
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Definition
| Apparent motion of objects in the reference frame of the rotating Earth |
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Term
| Because of the coriolis effect, in the Northern Hempisphere moving objects appear to be deflected to the... |
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Definition
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Term
| Most surface ocean currents are driven by the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Deep ocean currents are driven by: |
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Definition
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Term
| The large, circular surface currents in the oceans are termed: |
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Definition
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Term
| The net flow of water to the right of the wind in the Northern Hemisphere is termed: |
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Definition
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Term
| The narrow, deep, swift current on tthe western side of the North Atlantic Ocean is the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Density of water is a function of it's... |
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Definition
| temperature, salinity, and pressure |
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Term
| North Atlantic Deep Water originates near: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following occurs during an El Nino? |
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Definition
| Sea Surface temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific are elevated |
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Term
| The time it takes two successive wave crests to pass a fixed point is termed the: |
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Definition
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Term
| What is true about La Nina? |
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Definition
| Sea surface temperatures are decreased |
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Term
| What is a spilling breaker? |
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Definition
| A breaking wave observed on beaches. The crest becomes unstable and flows to the front part of the wave, creating froth. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most dramatic form of breaking, with the crest curling over and crashing into the water below. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surging occurs on the steepest beaches and the crest does not break. The base of the wave's front advances rapidly up the beach. |
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Term
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Definition
| the cool, rigid outer part of the Earth |
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Term
| The distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes on the Earth correlates best with: |
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Definition
| tectonic plate boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
| High-temperature hydrothermal vents at spreading ridges |
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Term
| The core the Earth is most likely made of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Who proposed the hypothesis of continental drift? |
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Definition
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Term
| In general, the ocean floor deepends with distance from spreading centers because: |
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Definition
| Cooling leads to denser rock, which sinks. |
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Term
| The supercontinent of the continental drift hypothesis was called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Old ocean litosphere is being destroyed along: |
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Definition
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Term
| Ocean lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed along ______ plate boundaries: |
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Definition
| Transform plate boundaries |
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Term
| What technique is used to gather acoustic pictures of the seafloor in addition to depth? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of these features is not very near to a currently active plate boundary? |
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Definition
| The east coast of the United States |
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Term
| The strongest earthquakes on the Earth occur where? |
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Definition
| In subduction zones where the subducting plate scrapes against the underside of a continental plate. |
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Term
| What are the oozes on the seafloor in the deep ocean consist mostly of: |
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Definition
| Microscopic shells of single celled plants and animals that live near the surface of the ocean. |
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Term
| Metalliferous sediments occur: |
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Definition
| Close to spreading ridges |
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Term
| Carbonate sediments are rare in the deepest parts of the oceans because: |
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Definition
| The carbonate shells dissolve in deep water (below the carbonate compensation depth) |
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Term
| Plate tectonics is driven by: |
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Definition
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Term
| What are hot spots thought to be? |
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Definition
| Stationary sources of magma below plates that produce chains of volcanoes. |
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Term
| What are submarine canyons? |
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Definition
| They are eroded by turbidity currents cutting into the rocks of continental shelves and slopes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hot spots begin with catastrophic volcanic activity recorded as large igneous provinces (LIPs) |
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Term
| The broad platform that represents the submerged edge of a continent is the continental: |
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Definition
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Term
| Sediments are commonly subdivided on the basis of: |
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Definition
| size (grain size), and source (where they come from) |
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Term
| The chemosynthetic ecosystems of animals found at seafloor spreading ridges are: |
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Definition
1) living without the benefit of any light from the surface
2) based on chemical energy and heat loving bacteria
3) relatively new discoveries (since 1977)
4) possible analogs for early life on Earth |
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Term
| Where are abyssal plains found? |
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Definition
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Term
| The international science program mentioned in class that retrieves cores of sediment and rock from all the world's oceans is called the: |
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Definition
| Integrated Ocean Drilling Program |
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Term
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Definition
| A manned submersible capable of diving to 4 km water depth |
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Term
| According to the plate tectonic theory, most new crust is formed as the result of: |
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Definition
| Volcanism at mid-ocean ridges |
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Term
| The tectonic setting of the Pacific Northwest is best described as a: |
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Definition
| Convergent plate boundary |
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Term
| The Challenger expedition (1872-1876) was important because: |
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Definition
| It was the first major, global oceanographic expedition |
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Term
| What is the Wilson cycle? |
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Definition
| The sequence of stages that describe the opening and closing of ocean basins. |
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Term
| The boundary between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates is the: |
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Definition
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Term
| We have reasonable idea of what the interior of the Earth is made from: |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the plate tectonic theory, most crust is formed as the result of: |
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Definition
| Volcanism at mid-ocean ridges |
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Term
| What percent of the Earth's surface is covered by the oceans? |
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Definition
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Term
| The following was recognized early in the century as evidence for continental drift: |
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Definition
| Diversity of species (fossil evidence) |
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Term
| A plate capped by oceanic crust subducts beneath a plate capped by continental crust because: |
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Definition
| Oceanic crust is thinner than continental crust |
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Term
| The term bathymetry refers to: |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the plate tectonic theory, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge should be: |
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Definition
| Younger than east coast of the United States. |
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Term
| The oozes on the seafloor in the deep ocean consist mostly of: |
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Definition
| Microscopic shells of single celled plants and animals that live near the surface of the ocean. |
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Term
| Which materials listed below, found in deep-sea sediments, are composed of calcium carbonate (CaCo3)? |
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Definition
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Term
| The oldest sediments in the ocean: |
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Definition
| Date back to about 200 million years, the age of the oldest ocean floor. |
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Term
| The carbonate compensation depth (CCD) is: |
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Definition
1) The ocean depth below which calcium carbonate sediments are not preserved
2) is largely controlled by the rate at which carbonate dissolves in sea water
3) explains why calcareous oozes are limited to the shallower depths of the oceans such as tops of ridges and rises |
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Term
| Oxygen exists as which three isotopes? |
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Definition
| 160, 170, and 180. This helps us reconstruct the climates of the past. |
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Term
| The lava that erupts in the Hawaiian Islands is thought to be the result of a: |
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Definition
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Term
| The science of oceanography is customarily divided into four categories which are: |
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Definition
| Physical, geological, chemical, and biological |
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Term
| The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius is the: |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of sunlight striking the Earth's surface is referred to as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Lines which connect points of equal temperature on an oceanographic chart are termed: |
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Definition
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Term
| pH describes the _____ of a solution |
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Definition
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Term
| When are is heated, its density... |
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Definition
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Term
| Winds are named for the direction: |
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Definition
| From which they are coming |
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Term
| Currents are named for the direction: |
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Definition
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Term
| Thermohaline currents are due to differences in _____ and _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| When near-surface water is moved offshore by Ekman transport, water from below replaces it in a process known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is produced mainly at the surface of the _____ Sea. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following occures during an El Nino? |
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Definition
| Sea surface temperatures are elevated. |
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Term
| Which of the following is true of a La Nina? |
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Definition
| Sea surface temperatures are decreased. |
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Term
| In a _____ breaker, the entire wave front steepens, curls, and collapses forward. |
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Definition
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Term
| Plunging breakers usually form where there is a _____ bottom slope. |
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Definition
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Term
| Over the oceans, ______ exceeds _____. |
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Definition
| Evaporation exceeds precipitation. |
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Term
| What is the definition of ecology? |
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Definition
| The study of interrelationships between the physical and biological aspects of the environment. It is the study of how organisms adapt to their environment and in turn alter it. |
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Term
| What are the two major marine provinces? |
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Definition
1) benthonic (bottom)
2) pelagic (water column) |
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Term
| How is the benthonic environment divided by depth? |
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Definition
1) intertidal zones --> the area between low and high tide
2) sublittoral zone --> this area coincides with the continental shelf
3) bathyal zone --> coincides with the continental slope and rise
4) abyssal zone --> average depth of deep ocean floor
5) hadal zone --> deepest part of the ocean |
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Term
| How is the pelagic environment divided? |
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Definition
a) the neritic zone --> shallow water above the continental shelf
b) the oceanic zone --> deep water of the open ocean beyond the shelf break |
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Term
| What are the zones that the ocean is divided into based on light penetration? |
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Definition
1) Photic Zone -- depth where light is sufficient for photosynthesis
2) Dysphotic Zone -- illumination is too weak for photosynthesis
3) Aphotic Zone -- recieves no light from surface |
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Term
| How are marine organisms classified by lifestyle: |
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Definition
1) Plankton -- phytoplankton (plants) and zooplankton (animals)
2) Nekton -- active swimmers which include fish, reptiles, mammals, birds, etc.
3) Benthos -- organisms which live on the bottom or within bottom sediments |
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Term
| What is the definition for ecosystem? |
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Definition
| The total environment including the biota (all living organisms) and non-living physical and chemical aspects. |
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Term
| What are environmental factors in the marine environment? |
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Definition
| Temperature, salinity, pressure, nutrients, dissolved gases, currents, light, suspended sediments, substrate (bottom material), river inflow, tides and waves |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the phsical process where moclecules move from areas of higher concentration into areas of lower concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of water molecules through the cell membrane from where salinity is lower to where it is higher. |
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Term
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Definition
| The control of diffusion through the cell wall and the maintenance of sufficient body fluids. |
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Term
| What is hydrostatic pressure? |
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Definition
| The pressure exerted by a column of water surrounding an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small herbivores that filter diatoms from the water. They are a type of zooplankton. |
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Term
| What are the three types of drag that fish must overcome? |
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Definition
1) Surface Drag --> friction between the surface of the fish and the surrounding water
2) Form drag --> function of the volume of water that must be displaced for movement to occur
3) Turbulent Drag --> turbulence around the body as it moves through the water |
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Term
| What is the speed of a fish dependent on? |
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Definition
1) body length
2) beat frequency (number of times the tail sweeps back and forth)
3) aspect ratio of the caudal fin |
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Term
| What are the three basic body form for fish? |
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Definition
a) Torpedo shape --> for high speed cruising
b) Elongate pike --> sudden lunging motion
c) butterfly fish --> maneuverability and delicate movements |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary producers in ecosystems. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are the consumers and decomposers in ecosystems. |
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Term
| What does the word "trophic" refer to? |
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Definition
| Nutrition. Tophic dynamics is the study of the nutritional interconnections among organisms within an ecosystem. |
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Term
| What is the trophic level? |
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Definition
| The position of an organism within the trophic dynamics. |
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Term
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Definition
| The succession of organisms within an ecosytem based upon trophic dynamics. |
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Term
| What is an energy pyramid? |
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Definition
| The graphic representation of a food chain in terms of the energy contained at each trophic level. |
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Term
| What do plants require for photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| They require sunlight, nutrients, water, and carbon dioxide. |
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Term
| What are the feeding style of animals? |
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Definition
1) grazers
2) predators
3) scavengers
4) filter feeders
5) deposit feeders |
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Term
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Definition
| It decomposes organic material and releases nutrients for recycling. |
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Term
| What are the two basic types of bacteria? |
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Definition
Aerobic -- require free oxygen to respire and decompose dead matter
Anaerobic -- bacteria which live in an oxygen free environment, but obtain oxygen for respiration from others sources |
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Term
| What are the two types of autotrophs of bacteria? |
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Definition
cyanobacteria -- blue/green algae
chemosynthetic bacteria -- use chemical energy to produce food |
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Term
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Definition
| The quantity of living matter per volume of water |
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Term
| What are the two major food chains in the ocean? |
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Definition
Grazing- herbivores consume autotrophs
Detritus- non-living wastes form the base of the food chain |
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Term
| What is primary production? |
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Definition
| The total amount of carbon converted into organic material per square meter of sea surface per year. |
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Term
| How much solar radiation is employed for photosynthesis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is net primary productivity? |
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Definition
| The amount of carbon converted into organic material above that required for the minimal survival of the autotroph. |
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Term
| What is compensation depth? |
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Definition
| The depth where the net primary productivity equales zero. |
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Term
| What are micro and macronutrients? |
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Definition
micro- indispensable elements and compounds used in very small quantities
macro - elements or compounds required in large quantities and include phsoyphorus, nitrogen, and silicon |
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Term
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Definition
| The slow, persistant rising of nutrient-rich water toward the ocean surface. |
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