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Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OCD
50
Psychology
Graduate
03/26/2017

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Cards

Term
Obsessions
Definition
Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted
Term
Compulsions
Definition
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be rigidly applied.
Term
Obsessive and Compulsive Disorders are most closely related to:
Definition
anxiety disorders.
Term
OCD related disorders characterized by cognitive symptoms:
Definition
OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding.
Term
OCD related disorders characterized by recurrent body-focused repetitive behaviors:
Definition
trishotillomania and excoriation.
Term
Common OCD obsessions and compulsions:
Definition
cleaning, symmetry, forbidden or taboo thoughts, and harm.
Term
Muscle Dysphoria
Definition
A type of body dysmorphic disorder characterized by a belief that one's body build is too small or insufficiently muscular.
Term
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
Definition

A. The presences of obsessions, compulsions, or both.

B. The obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

C. Not due to substance or medical condition.

D. No due to other mental disorder.

Term
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
Definition

A. The presences of obsessions, compulsions, or both.

B. The obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

C. Not due to substance or medical condition.

D. No due to other mental disorder.

Term
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Specifiers
Definition

With Good Insight

With Poor Insight

With Absent Insight/Delusional Belief (4% or fewer)

Tic-Related (30%)

Term
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Diagnostic Features
Definition
Compulsions are typically peformed in response to an obsession.
Term
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Prevalence
Definition

U.S. 1.2% of population

Females have slightly higher rate.

Males have early age of onset and are more commonly affected in childhood.

Term
OCD Risk and Prognostic Factors
Definition

Greater internalizing symptoms, higher negative emotionality, and behavioral inhibition are possible risk factors.

Childhood trauma including sexual and physical abuse are risk factors.

Various infectious agents and post-infectious autoimmune syndrome are risk factors.

Term
OCD Suicide Risk
Definition
About 50% of sufferers have suicidal thoughts and about 25% attempt suicide.
Term
OCD Comorbidity
Definition

76% have anxiety disorder,

63% have depressive or bipolar disorder,

23-32% have obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Term
Body Dysmorphic Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
Definition

A. Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight.

B. At some point during the course of the disorder, the individual has performed repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response to the appearance concerns.

C. The preoccupation causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

D. The appearance preoccupation is not better explained by concerns with body fat or weitht in an individual whose symptoms meet diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder.

Term
Body Dysmorphic Disorder Specifiers
Definition

With Muscle Dysmorphia

With good or fair insight

With poor insight (most likely)

With absent insight/delusional belief (33% or more)

Term
OCD Triad in Children
Definition
OCD, tic disorder, and ADHD.
Term
Body Dysmorpic Concerns
Definition

Skin, hair, nose, or asymmetry.

Intrusive preoccupations consume 3-8 hours per day.

Term
Body Dysmorphic Behaviors
Definition

Comparing one's appearance,

checking perceived deficits in a mirror,

excessive grooming,

camouflaging,

seeking reassurance,

touching disliked areas to check them,

excessively exercising or weight lifting,

seeking cosmtice procedures, and

skin picking.

Term
Body Dysmorphic Disorder Associated Features
Definition

Executive function and visual processing abnormalities with a bias for analyzing and encoding details and missing holistic picture.

Also, a bias for negative and threatening interpretations of facial expressions and ambiguous scenarios.

Term
Body Dysmorphic Disorder Prevalence
Definition

U.S. 2.4%

Females slightly more likely than males.

Median age of onset 15.

Average age of onset 16-17.

Most common age of onset 12-13.

Subclinical concerns become the disorder over time.

Term
Body Dysmorphic Disorder Culture-Related Diagnostic Issues
Definition

A universal issue with some specific manifestations.

In Japan, Taijin kyosusho (avoidance of interpersonal situations) has a subtype (shubo-kyofu) that is similar to Body Dysmorphic Disorder.

Term
Body Dysmorphic Disorder Risk Factors
Definition

Childhood neglect and abuse.

Having first-degree relatives with OCD.

Males more likely to have genital preoccupation.

Term
Body Dysmorphic Disorder Comorbidity
Definition

Major depressive disorder

soical anxiety disorder

OCD

Substance-related disorder

Term
Hoarding Disorder Diagnositic Criteria
Definition

A. Persistent difficulty parting with possessions regardless of their actual value.

B. The difficulty is due to perceived need to save the intems and to distress associated with discarding them.

C. The difficulty discarding rsults in the accumulation of possessions that congest and clutter active living areas and substantially compromises thier intended use.

D. The hoarding causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

E. Not due to another medical condition (Prader-Willi).

F. Not better explained by another mental disorder.

Term
Hoarding Disorder Specifiers
Definition

With excessive acquisition (80-90%)

With good or fair insight

With poor insight

With absent insight/delusional beliefs

Term
Hoarding Disorder Associated Features Supporting Diagnosis
Definition
indecisveness, perfectionism, avoidance, procrastination, difficulty planning and organizing tasks, and distractability.
Term
Animal Hoarding
Definition

May be a special manifestation of hoarding disorder. Most who hoard animals also hoard inanimate objects.

Unsanitary conditions are a problem with animal hoarding.

Term
Hoarding Disorder Development and Course
Definition

Symptoms increase with age with first symptoms at ages 11-15 and most research subjects in their 50s.

Males have a significantly greater prevalence.

2-6% of people.

Term
Hoarding Disorder Genetic Information and Comorbidity
Definition

Stongly heretible (50% of variance).

Anxiety disorder 75% (especially GAD and social anxiety disorder.

OCD 20%.

Term
Trichotillomania Diagnostic Criteria
Definition

A. Recurrent pulling out of one's hair resulting in hair loss.

B. Repeated attempts to decrease of stop hair pulling.

C. The hair pulling causes clinically significant distress or impairment.

D. The hair pulling or hair loss is not attributable to another medical condition.

E. The hair pulling is not better explained by aother mental disorder.

Term
Trichotillomania Associated Features Supporting Diagnosis
Definition

Hair pulling may be accompanied by a range of behaviors or rituals involving hair.

Hair pulling behavior may involve varying degrees of conscious awareness.

Many report an itch-like sensation that is alleviated by pulling hair.

Patterns of hair loss are highly variable.

 

Term
Trichtillomania Prevalence
Definition

1-2% of population

Females over males by 10:1 ratio

Most common onset is puberty

Term
Trichotillomania Hair Swallowing
Definition
May lead to trichobezoars, with subsequent anemia, abdominal pain, hematemesis, nausea and vomiting, bowel obstruction, and even perforation.
Term
Trichotillomania Comorbidity
Definition

major depressive disorder and excoriation disorder most common.

Lip pulling, skin picking, and nail biting are common associated behaviors.

Term
Excoriation Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
Definition

A. Recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions.

B. Repeated attempts to decrease or stop skin picking.

C. The skin picking causes clinically significant distress or impairment.

D. The skin picking is not attributable to another medical condition.

E. The skin picking is not better explained by another mental disorder.

Term
Excoriation most common sites
Definition
face, arms, and hands.
Term
Excoriation Prevalence and Course
Definition

1.4% with 3:1 ratio females to males.

Most common onset is puberty with chronic course.

Term
Excoriation Genetic Features and Comorbidity
Definition

More common when first-order relative has OCD.

Comorbid with major depressive disorder, OCD, and trichtillomania.

Term
Substance/Medication-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder Substance and Specifiers
Definition

Substances: cocaine, amphetamine, other

With onset during intoxication

With onset during withdrawal

With onset after medication use

Term
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition Specifiers
Definition

With obsessive-compulsive disorde-like symptoms

With appearance preoccupations

With hoarding symptoms

With hair-pulling symptoms

With skin-picking symptoms

Term
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition Associated Conditions
Definition

Sydenham's chorea

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS)

Term
Other Specified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder - Body dysmorphic-like disorder with actual flaws
Definition
Excessive preoccupation with actual physical flaws.
Term
Other Specified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder - Body dysmorphic-like disorder without repetitive behaviors
Definition
Exaggerated concerns are present, but excessive behaviors are absent.
Term
Other Specified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder - Body-focused repetitive behavior disorder
Definition
Characterized by recurrent body-focused repetitive behaviors and repeated attempts to stop these behaviors.
Term
Other Specified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder - Obsessional jealousy
Definition
Nondelusional preoccupation with a partner's perceived infidelity that may lead to repetitive behaviors.
Term
Other Specified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder - Shubo-kyofo
Definition
Excessive fear of having a bodily deformity.
Term
Other Specified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder - Koro
Definition
An episode of sudden and intense anxiety that the penis or vulva and nipples will recede into the body, possibly leading to death.
Term
Other Specified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder - Jikoshu-kyofu
Definition
Fear of having an offensive bodily odor.
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