Term
| The supplementary scales were developed using empirical keying or rationally? |
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Definition
| Both, but mostly empirical keying |
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Term
| What is the "A" supplementary scale and some of it's associated characteristics? |
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Definition
Anxiety;
Generally maladjusted
Anxious and uncomfortable
Depressed
Have somatic complaints
Slow personal tempo
May admit to suicidal ideation
Pessimistic
Apathetic, unemotional, and unexcitable
Shy and retiring
Lack poise in social situations
Fussy
Motivated for change in psychotherapy |
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Term
| What is the "R" supplementary scale and some of it's associated characteristics? |
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Definition
Repression;
Passive and submissive
Unexcitable
Conventional and formal
Slow and painstaking
May show psychomotor retardation
Introverted
Have somatic complaints
Introverted, internalizing types who lead careful, cautious lifestyles |
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Term
| What is the "Es" supplementary scale and some of it's associated characteristics? |
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Definition
Ego Strength;
Better psychological adjustment – able to cope with life stresses
Have fewer and less symptoms
Lack chronic psychopathology
Stable, reliable and responsible
Tolerant and lack prejudice
Determined and persistent
Intelligent, resourceful, and independent |
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Term
| What is the "Do" supplementary scale and some of it's associated characteristics? |
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Definition
Dominance
High scorers see themselves and are seen by others as stronger in interpersonal situations and not readily intimidated
Are poised, self-assured, self-confident
Optimistic
Resourceful and efficient
Are realistic and achievement oriented
Feel adequate to to handle problems |
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Term
| What is the "Re" supplementary scale and some of it's associated characteristics? |
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Definition
Social responsibility
High scorers see themselves and are seen by others as able to accept the consequences of their behavior
They are more likely than low scorers to be in positions of leadership
Rigid in acceptance of existing values and unwilling to explore values of others
Have deep concern for moral and ethical problems
Have a strong sense of justice
Have high personal standards
Reject privilege and favor |
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Term
| What is the "PK" supplementary scale and some of it's associated characteristics? |
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Definition
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder;
High scorers are likely manifesting many of the symptoms and behaviors associated with PTSD
High PK scores in those who have combat-related stress, PTSD is possible
It is less clear to what extent a high PK score is associated with PTSD in cases of non-combat trauma
Report intense emotional distress
Report symptoms of anxiety and sleep diturbance
May have unwanted and disturbing thoughts
Feel misunderstood and mistreated |
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Term
| What is the "MDS" supplementary scale and some of it's associated characteristics? |
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Definition
Marital Distress
Limited data, interpret cautiously
High scores (T > 60) may indicate significant marital distress
Generally maladjusted
May experience some depression
May feel like failures
Feel that life is a strain |
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Term
| What is the "HO" supplementary scale and some of it's associated characteristics? |
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Definition
Hostility
High scorers tend to be associated with cynicism, higher levels of experienced anger, and overtly hostile behaviors
Are seen as unfriendly
Attribute hostility to others
Blame others for their problems
Perceive and seek less social support
Have higher levels of anxiety, depression, and somatic complaints |
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Term
| What is the "O-H" supplementary scale and some of it's associated characteristics? |
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Definition
Overcontrolled Hostility
In correctional settings, high scores are associated with aggressive, violent acts
High scorers tend not to respond to provocation, but occasional exaggerated aggressive responses may occur
Typically do not express angry feelings
Have strong needs to excel
Are dependent on others |
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Term
| What is the "MAC-R" supplementary scale and some of it's associated characteristics? |
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Definition
MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale, Revised
Raw scores >27 are suggestive of substance abuse problems
Scores between 24 and 27 are suggestive of SA problems, but beware of false positives (especially in African Americans)
Pts with other diagnoses (e.g. Depression, Sz) are likely to have average scores
Socially extroverted
Exhibitionistic
Self-confident and assertive
Enjoy competition and risk taking
Have histories of behavior problems in school or with the law |
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Term
| What is the "AAS" supplementary scale and some of it's associated characteristics? |
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Definition
Addiction acknowledgement scale
The patient is openly acknowledging substance abuse problems
Because the items are obvious, persons not wanting to reveal a substance use problem can easily obtain an average score
Have histories of acting-out behavior
Are impulsive, risk takers
Have poor judgment
Are angry and aggressive
Have family problems
Are agitated and moody |
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Term
| What is the "APS" supplementary scale and some of it's associated characteristics? |
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Definition
Addiction potential scale
The limited data available suggest that the APS has some promise to discriminate between persons who abuse substances and those who do not
It is not as effective as the AAS or MAC-R in identifying substance abuse problems
High scores [ >60] should alert clinicians that more information regarding substance use should be obtained |
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Term
| What were the steps taken to construct the Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales? |
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Definition
Step 1: Remove the “emotional distress” items that seems to exist in some of the scales to create the Demoralization Scale (RCd)
Step 2: Factor analyze each of the original Clinical Scales to identify the core component of each with the “demoralization” factor removed and produce a “seed” scale (items central to that scale’s core component
Step 3: Identify items with a high “loading” for the core component and that also have a low loading for the demoralization factor
Remove overlapping items
Items that correlated with the core component of another scale were removed
Items that detracted from the internal consistency of the core component were also removed
Step 4: The resulting “seed” scale was then correlated with ALL items on the MMPI-2. Items were selected if they had a high correlation with that seed scale and low correlations with all the other seed scales |
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Definition
| Dysfunctional negative emotions |
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Term
| What are the four possibilities for the Clinical and Restructured Clinical scales |
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Definition
1- Neither score is high: No interpretation of either scale
2- Both scores are high: Inferences from both can be made. RC scales contribute knowledge about the core component while the Clinical Scale contributes information about other characteristics
RC7 = Dysfunctional Negative Emotions: anxiety, irritability, and unhappiness
Scale 7 = Psychasthenia: organized, persistent, stay in treatment longer
3- Clinical Scale is high, RC is not: be cautious about making interpretations regarding characteristics consistent with the core component of the clinical scale. The high Clinical Scale might be due to high demoralization (check RCd)
4- RC is high, Clinical Scale is not: Interpret inferences related to the core construct. The low Clinical Scale might be due to low demoralization (check RCd) |
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Term
| Does the PSY 5 scale have the same dimensional characteristics as the Big Five? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were steps taken to construct the PSY-5 Scales? |
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Definition
Step 1: A large pool of descriptors of personality and personality disorders were collected
Step 2: Lay raters were asked to group similar descriptors together and then were analyzed to identify clusters of personality features
Step 3: The 60 features were then grouped together by another set of lay raters yielding five broad constructs of that represented both normal and abnormal personality. Items were then assigned to the constructs by college students and then confirmed by experts. Items correlating more highly with another scale were removed. Each item was allowed to be on only one scale |
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Term
| What are the 5 PSY 5 scale items? |
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Definition
1- Agressiveness
2- Psychoticism
3- Constraint
4- Negative emotionality/Neuroticism
5- Positive emotionality/ extraversion |
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Term
| The MMPI-RF still contains which scales? |
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Definition
| Validity and the restructured clinical |
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Term
| Which scales are unique to the MMPI-RF? |
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Definition
Somatic scales
Internalizing scales
Externalizing scales
Interpersonal scales
Interest scales
Personality psychopathology 5 scales |
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Term
| What are the main advantages to the MMPI-RF? |
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Definition
-338 vs. 567 items
-Emphasis on continuous vs. categorical model of personality and psychopathology (which more closely resemble the DSM-V)
-Interpretation is less complex |
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Term
| What are the main disadvantages to the MMPI-RF? |
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Definition
-Less research to guide interpretation
-No standard Clinical Scales
(all the interpretive data for clinical scales and code types is not available)
-Several useful scales not available (e.g. MAC-R, Ho and Es)
-Challenges to use in a forensic setting because of the lack of data |
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Term
| The internal consistency of the MMPI has shown to be bad or good? |
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Definition
| Both, depending on the scale. Paranoia and Overcontrolled hostility are terrible and schizophrenia and PTSD-K are excellent |
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Term
| How is the MMPI's validity? |
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Definition
Its convergent validity is thought to be better than its discriminant validity (probably the result of overlapping items between scales)
That is, it can discriminate ACROSS major conditions, but not WITHIN.
Overall it's pretty good but it's difficult to say for sure because there have been thousands of validity studies, so summarizing them is not possible. |
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Term
| What were the main points of the Helmes and Reddin article regarding issues with the MMPI? |
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Definition
-Theories of pathology have changed since the first MMPI was developed but this is not reflected in the MMPi-2 (e.g. "hysteria" still being a scale)
-Suspect critera: small criterion groups (e.g. 13 gales males for MF scale) and were from the same small area
-Heterogeneity of content: family problems can elevate scale 4 even though the person does not have antisocial tendencies
-Categorical vs dimensional models: criterion groups were categorical but we interpret scores like they are dimensional
-Overlap among scales: are the scales actually measuring different things if they share so many items?
-Little cross validation between scales |
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Term
| How would you write the "major needs" section of a report on House, MD? |
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Definition
-Must find solutions to a problem, needs to be right to validate himself as a worthy person
-wants love but has been hurt so many times sabotages any chance of it to protect himself
-Stability (same apt, guitar forever)
-Tests boundaries constantly to see how far people will go to remain his friend: reassures himself as to their devotion (also does things for shock value, such as soliciting prostitutes, drugs to see if people will judge him) |
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