Term
| How many phases are in the endometrial cycle and what are they? |
|
Definition
4 phases
•Menstrual phase
•Proliferative phase
•Secretory phase
•Ischemic phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shedding of the funtional two thirds of the endometrium is initiated by periodic vasoconstriction in the upper layers of the endometrium |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the proliferative phase |
|
Definition
| The proliferative phase is a period of rapid growth lasting from about the fifth day to the time of ovulation |
|
|
Term
| what happens during the secretory phase |
|
Definition
| The secretory phase extends from the day of ovulation to about 3 days before the next menstrual period |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the ischemic phase |
|
Definition
| During the ischemic phase the blood supply to the functional endometrium is blocked, and necrosis develops. The functional layer separates from the basal layer, and menstrual bleeding begins, marking day 1 of the next cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prostaglandins are hormones, they affect smooth muscle contractility, indirect evidence suggest that they have an effect on ovulation, fertility, changes in the cervix, and cervical mucus that affect receptivity to sperm, tubal and uterine motility, sloughing of endometrium, onset of abortion, and onset of labor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is a transitional phase during which ovarian function and hormone production decline. This phase spans the years from the onset of premenopausal ovarian decline to the postmenopausal time when symptoms stop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers only to the last menstrual period, menopause can be dated with certainty only 1 year after menstruation ceases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Perimenopause is a period preceding menopause that lasts about 4 years, Usually ovarian function declines, ova slowly diminish and menstrual cycles may be anovulatory. The ovary stops producing estrogen, and eventually menses no longer occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conception is the union of a single egg and sperm, marks the beginning of a pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ovum is released from the ovary and passses into the fallopian tube where it is met and fertilized by sperm. |
|
|
Term
| Where does fertilization usually take place? |
|
Definition
| In the outer third of the fallopian tube |
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes are joined during fertilization? |
|
Definition
| 22 chromosomes from the female and 22 from the male and one sex chromosome from each, in total it is 44 chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes (46) |
|
|
Term
| How many stages are in intrauterine development and when are they? |
|
Definition
•Ovum (lasts until about day 14)
•Embryo (starts at about day 15 and lasts until about 8 weeks after conception)
•Fetus (starts at about 9 weeks and lasts until birth) |
|
|
Term
| How long is an ovum able to be fertilized after release? |
|
Definition
| Ovum is capable of fertilization for 12-24 hours after it is released |
|
|
Term
| How long does sperm live after ejaculation? |
|
Definition
| Sperm lives for 48-72 hours after ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take sperm to reach the ovum? |
|
Definition
| Sperm can reach the ovum as quickly as 5 minutes but on average it takes 4-6 hours |
|
|
Term
| Once the ovum is fertilized what is it called? |
|
Definition
| Zygote, and it contains 46 chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for the Zygote to reach the uterine cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A zygote is comprised of 16-50 blastomeres called a morula |
|
|
Term
| What happens once the morula enters the uterine cavity? |
|
Definition
| Fluid passes through the zona pallucida into the intercellular spaces between the blastomeres, separating them into two parts, the trophoblast (which gives rise to the placenta) and the embryoblast (which gives rise to the embryo) |
|
|
Term
| What does the trophoblast form into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the embryoblast form into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does implantation usually take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do chorionic villi (CV) do? |
|
Definition
| Chorionic villi are finger like projections and they secrete hCG, provide nutrients for the embryo, and dispose of waste |
|
|
Term
| What is the endometrium called after implantation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of the decidua? |
|
Definition
•Decidua basalis- part of the decidua that unites with the chorion to form the placenta
•Decidua capsularis- part of the decidua that surrounds the chorionic sac
•Decidua Vera- remaining part of the endometrial lining |
|
|
Term
| Which stage is the most critical in fetal development? |
|
Definition
| The embryo stage, this is when development of the organ systems and main external features take place, also most vulnerable to environmental teratogens |
|
|
Term
| What does the ovum secrete |
|
Definition
| Ovum secretes hCG which maintains the corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| What are the three germ layers |
|
Definition
•Ectoderm
•Mesoderm
•Endoderm |
|
|
Term
| What does the Ectoderm give rise to? |
|
Definition
| Nail, sebaceous glands, sense organs, tooth enamel, taste buds, anal canal, nervous system, and skin |
|
|
Term
| What does the Mesoderm give rise to? |
|
Definition
| Blood cells, bone marrow, muscles, kidneys, ureters, heart and circulatory system, excretory system, spleen, and urogenital system |
|
|
Term
| What does the Endoderm give rise to? |
|
Definition
| Gastro pulmonary, genitourinary tract, endocrine, liver, and pancreas |
|
|
Term
| What does amniotic fluid originate from? |
|
Definition
| Maternal serum and fetal urine |
|
|
Term
| At term how much amniotic fluid is there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By which week should the fetus urinate into the amniotic fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of amniotic fluid |
|
Definition
•Fluid for fetus to drink
•Washes out vagina at birth
•Keeps fetus at an even temperature
•Cushions against injury
•Enhances fetal movement
•Prevents pressure on the cord
•Important for fetal lung development
•Allows fetus to change positions freely; aids in musculoskeletal development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is when there is an abnormally large amount of amniotic fluid, defined as more than 2000 mL of amniotic fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is an abnormally low amount of amniotic fluid, defined as less than 300 mL of amniotic fluid |
|
|
Term
| What causes Polyhydramnios? |
|
Definition
| If the fetus is unable to swallow |
|
|
Term
| What causes Oligohydramnios? |
|
Definition
| Renal abnormalities usually cause this |
|
|
Term
| What helps the fetal lungs to develop? |
|
Definition
| Amniotic fluid helps with this, they mimic a breathing pattern with the fluid |
|
|
Term
| What is a sign that the placenta is starting to deteriorate after 40 weeks? |
|
Definition
| If there are calcium deposits present in the placenta on a sonogram |
|
|
Term
| What is one of the important hormones that a woman needs to get and stay pregnant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms into the placenta? |
|
Definition
| The chorionic villi and decidua basalis |
|
|
Term
| When is the placenta formed and functioning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the placenta designed to work for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the placenta? |
|
Definition
•Provides nutrients and oxygen for the fetus
•Excretory organ
•Removes waste from fetus (including carbon dioxide)
•Circulatory organ, no mixing of fetal and maternal blood
•Takes over the function of the chorionic villi and the corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are produced by the placenta? |
|
Definition
| hCS, hCG, Estrogen, and Progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What does hCS (human chorionic somatomammotropin) also called hPL (human placental lactogen) do? |
|
Definition
•Facilitates glucose transport across placental membrane
•Stimulates breast development for lactation
•Increases resistance to insulin
•Stimulates maternal metabolism
•Vital for the survival of the fetus |
|
|
Term
| What does hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) do? |
|
Definition
•Basis for pregnancy test
•Preserves function of corpus luteum
•Ensures continued supply of estrogen and progesterone
•Present in mother's blood stream 8-10 days after fertilization (shortly after implantation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Stimulates uterine growth and utero placental blood flow
•Stimulates myometrial contractibility
•Causes proliferation of breast glandular tissue
•Placenta produces more than 50% of the estrogen in the maternal circulation by the 7th week |
|
|
Term
| What does Progesterone do? |
|
Definition
•Maintains endometrium (which is referred to as the decidua during pregnancy)
•Decreases in progesterone will cause difficulty getting or stating pregnant, it prevents spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)
•Decrease contractibility of uterus
•Helps develop breast alveoli to prepare for lactation |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the Fetal stage |
|
Definition
•This stage starts at 9 weeks gestation and last until delivery
•Changes are not as dramatic
•All systems are formed, refinement of the systems occur with maturation |
|
|
Term
| What is the first organ system to function in a fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the O2 received and the CO2 excreted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three structures that are present in a fetus to help "direct" blood |
|
Definition
•Ductus arteriosus
•Foramen Ovale
•Ductus Venosus |
|
|
Term
| Where does the Ductus Venosus direct the blood to? |
|
Definition
| The blood comes from the umbilical vein and goes thru the ductus venosus and then flows into the inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Ductus Arteriosus located? |
|
Definition
| It is located between the pulmonary trunk and the aortic arch |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Foramen Ovale located? |
|
Definition
| In the heart between the Right and Left Atrium |
|
|
Term
| How many umbilical vein's are there and what is the purpose? |
|
Definition
•1 umbilical vein
•Brings arterial blood from the placenta to the fetus
•Blood is highly oxygenated
•Blood begins its journey in the body through the liver to the inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| What volume of blood is delivered to the lungs? |
|
Definition
| A very small volume because the placenta acts as the lungs exchanging CO2 for O2 |
|
|
Term
| How many umbilical arteries and what is the purpose? |
|
Definition
•2 umbilical arteries
•Blood is poorly oxygenated
•Contains the CO2 that the fetus needs to eliminate |
|
|
Term
| What do the letters in GTPAL stand for? |
|
Definition
•G - Gravida (Number of all pregnancies)
•T - Term births (born between 37 and 42 weeks)
•P - Premature births (born after 20 weeks and before 37 weeks)
•A - Abortion (termination before 20 weeks)
•L - Living children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gravida and Para
Gravida- Number of all pregnancies
Para- All deliveries after 20 weeks gestation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has had multiple deliveries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How to determine EDD
Take first day of lmp and subtract three months and add seven days and that will give you the EDD (make sure to watch the year when calculating) |
|
|
Term
| What are some Presumptive signs of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
•Brest changes
•Amenorrhea
•Nausea and vomiting
•Urinary frequency
•Fatigue
•Quickening |
|
|
Term
| What are some Probable signs of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
•Goodell's sign
•Chadwick's sign
•Hegar's sign
•Positive pregnancy test
•Braxton Hicks contractions
•Ballotment |
|
|
Term
| What are some Positive signs of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
•Positive ultrasound
•Visualize fetus with X-ray
•Fetal heart tones
•Fetal movements palpated &/or visible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Softening of cervical tip, usually observed at approximately the beginning of the sixth week in a normal, unscarred cervix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deep violet bluish vaginal mucosa and cervix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Softening/compressibility of the lower uterine segment |
|
|
Term
| What is detected by a urine pregnancy test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sound made by blood in the uterine arteries that is synchronous with the maternal pulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sound made by blood rushing through the umbilical vessels and synchronous with the fetal heart rate |
|
|
Term
| What are Braxton Hick's contractions? |
|
Definition
| Contractions that are irregular and painless and occur intermittently throughout pregnancy. These contractions facilitate uterine blood flow through the intervillous spaces of the placenta and thereby promote oxygen delivery to the fetus |
|
|
Term
| What cervical changes happen in pregnancy? |
|
Definition
•Increased friability; bleeding may occur after intercourse and or vaginal examination
•Mucous fills endocervix; forms the mucus plug
•Changes occur from increased vascularity |
|
|
Term
| What vaginal changes happen during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
•Leukorrhea- Occurs from increased production of estrogen and progesterone
•pH of vaginal secretions increase from 3.5 to 6
•Prone to yeast infections
•Increased vascularity may lead to increased sexual arousal |
|
|
Term
| What is another term for the mucus plug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What breast changes happen during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
•Fullness, heightened sensitivity, tingling sensation, hypertrophy of Montgomery tubercles, striae
•Lactation is inhibited until estrogen decreases during the postpartum period
•Colostrum develops by 16 weeks also called "pre-milk" |
|
|
Term
| What are general body changes that happen during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
•Slight cardiac enlargement
•Apical pulse increases 10-15 bpm at 14-20 weeks
•BP remains pre-pregnant levels in first trimester but decreases in the second trimester
•BP returns to normal in the third trimester |
|
|
Term
| What is the increase in blood volume? |
|
Definition
•The blood volume increase by 40-45% above pre-pregnancy levels and is essential for pregnancy
•Plasma volume increase exceeds the increase in RBC and results in physiological anemia
•WBC increases up to 15,000 as well |
|
|
Term
| What taking BP reading what should be noted? |
|
Definition
| The position and the arm taken on, the position will affect the reading and the woman should be in the same position each time and reading should be done on same arm if possible |
|
|
Term
| It is considered Iron deficient anemia if hgb drops below what level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to coag time and clotting factors during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| Coagulation time decreases by 32 weeks and clotting factors increase so it is much easier to develop a blood clot during this time |
|
|
Term
| What are some changes with the respiratory system during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
•Maternal oxygen requirements increase
•Elevated levels of estrogen cause ligaments of ribcage to relax allowing greater lung capacity
•Increase vascularity of respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
| What are some changes to the renal system during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
•May have trace of albumin in urine
•Kidneys are responsible for electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, fluid volume, and excreting waste
•Ureters elongate and dilate by 10th week above the pelvic brim
•Pregnancy women's urine contain more nutrients
•Renal function most efficient when in lateral recumbent position |
|
|
Term
| What changes happen in the upper respiratory system while pregnant? |
|
Definition
•As capillaries become engorged, edema and hyperemia develop within the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
•Nasal and sinus stuffiness, epistaxis (nose bleeds), changes in the voice, and possibly a upper respiratory infection could occur |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for stretch marks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "The mask of pregnancy" is a condition in which a blotch, brownish hyperpigmentaion of the skin may cover the cheeks, nose, and forehead, especially in dark complexioned pregnant women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When women have non-food cravings, such at laundry starch, soil, ice, clay, etc. Usually the subjects of these cravings, if consumed in moderation, are not harmful to the pregnancy if the woman has adequate nutrition and weight gain. |
|
|
Term
| Common complaints during pregnancy |
|
Definition
•Constipation
•Nausea
•Heartburn
•Leg Cramps
•Hemorrhoids
•Backache
•Varicose veins |
|
|
Term
| What is considered Low Birth Weight (LBW)? |
|
Definition
| 2500g or less at birth (2.5kg/5.5 lbs) |
|
|
Term
| What is the daily recommendation for Folate/Folic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are foods that are high in Folate/Folic Acid? |
|
Definition
| Liver, legumes, asparagus, spinach (cooked), papaya, fortified cereal, broccoli, avocado, orange, orange juice, fortified bread, egg, corn |
|
|
Term
| What group's of people are at nutritional risk? |
|
Definition
•Adolescence
•Frequent pregnancies (3 within 2 years)
•Poverty/Food insecurity
•Poor diet habits
•Use of tobacco, alcohol, or drugs
•Diabetes
•Chronic illness |
|
|
Term
| About how man calories should be added during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can dehydration cause during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| Cramping, contractions, and preterm labor |
|
|
Term
| What is the average pattern of weight gain? |
|
Definition
| In a normal singlton pregnancy it is 1 to 2 kg in the first trimester, and after that 0.4 kg per week for a normal weight woman |
|
|
Term
| What is a hazard of ketonuria (ketones in the urine? |
|
Definition
Preterm labor
Ketonuria happens with inadequate nutritional intake |
|
|
Term
| How much caffeine should a pregnant woman limit herself to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the developmental tasks of maternal adaptation? |
|
Definition
•Accepting the pregnancy
•Identifying with the role of being a mother
•Reordering the relationship between herself and her mother / herself and her partner
•Establishing a relationship with the unborn child
•Preparing for the birth experience |
|
|
Term
| What are some things that go with Accepting the pregnancy? |
|
Definition
•Degree of acceptance is reflected by the woman's emotional response
•Emotional labiality (rapid/unpredictable changes in mood)
•Ambivalence (conflicting feelings simultaneously)
These are all normal |
|
|
Term
| When does the mother role begin? |
|
Definition
| When the woman was being mothered as a child |
|
|
Term
| What roles help with mothering as a woman grows up? |
|
Definition
•Playing with dolls
•Babysitting
•Care of siblings |
|
|
Term
| What are the three phases of the fetal relationship when a woman is pregnant? |
|
Definition
•Phase one: Accepts the fact of the pregnancy, "I am pregnant"
•Phase two: Usually bu the 5th month accepts the growing fetus as distinct from herself, "I am going to have a baby"
•Phase three: Prepares realistically for birth and parenting, "I am going to be a mother" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Regular contractions
•Increase in frequency
•Soft anterior cervix
•Increase in bloody show
•Cervix will show progressive dilation and effacement |
|
|
Term
| What are the essential factors of labor? |
|
Definition
The 5 "P's"
•Passenger
•Passageway
•Powers
•Position of mother
•Psychological |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of live births per 1000 population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of births per 1000 women between the ages of 15-44 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of deaths less than one year of age per 1000 live births |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of deaths per 1000 live births occurring within the first 28 days of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of stillbirths plus the number of neonatal deaths per 100 live births |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births that occur as a direct result of the reproductive process which includes 42 days after delivery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Presentation mean |
|
Definition
| Refers to the part of the fetus that enters the pelvic inlet first and leads through the birth canal during labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the presenting part is the occiput, the presentation is notes as vertex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lie is the relation of the long axis (spine) of the fetus to the long axis of the mother |
|
|
Term
| What are the two primary lies of the fetus? |
|
Definition
| Longitudinal or vertical (both meaning the long axis of the fetus and mother are parallel) and Transverse, Horizontal, or oblique (meaning the long axis of the fetus is at a right angle diagonal to the long axis of the mother) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The relation of the fetal body parts to each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The arms are crossed over the thorax, and the umbilical cord lies between the arms and the legs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Position is the relationship of a reference point on the presenting part(occiput, sacrum, mentum, or sinciput (deflexed vertex)) to the four quadrants of the mothers pelvis. |
|
|
Term
| How many letters are there in the position abbreviation used to denote where the baby is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the position was ROA what would that mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Station is the relationship of the presenting fetal part to an imaginary line drawn between the maternal ischial spines and as a measure of the degree of descent of the presenting part of the fetus through the birth canal. |
|
|
Term
| At the level of the ischial spines what is the correct number? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the presenting fetal part is 1 cm below the ischial spines what is this considered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Engagement is the term used to indicate that the largest transverse diameter of the presenting part (usually the biparietal diameter) has passed through the maternal pelvic brim or inlet into the true pelvis and usually corresponds to station 0 |
|
|
Term
| What is considered the passageway? |
|
Definition
| The birth canal, which is composed of the mother's rigid bony pelvis and the soft tissues of the cervix, the pelvic floor, the vagina. and the introitus (the external opening to the vagina) |
|
|
Term
| What are the four basic types of pelvis? |
|
Definition
•Gynecoid (the classic female)
•Android (resembling the male pelvis)
•Anthropoid (resembling the pelvis of anthropoid apes)
•Platypelloid (the flat pelvis) |
|
|
Term
| What is Leopold's Maneuver? |
|
Definition
| Used to identify number of fetuses, presenting part, fetal lie, and fetal attitude. |
|
|
Term
| What is considered Primary powers? |
|
Definition
| Contractions; which are involuntary |
|
|
Term
| What is considered secondary powers? |
|
Definition
| Urge to push (Ferguson's reflex); which is voluntary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enlargement and widening of the cervical os |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shortening and thinning of the cervix |
|
|
Term
| What are some signs preceding labor? |
|
Definition
| Lightening, Bloody show, Nesting, Loss of 1-3 lbs, Braxton-Hicks contractions |
|
|
Term
What are the Mechanisms of labor?
The 7 cardinal movements |
|
Definition
•Engagement
•Descent
•Flexion
•Internal rotation
•Extension
•Restitution and external rotation
•Expulsion |
|
|
Term
| What are some pain control options during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
•Positioning
•Breathing techniques
•Focal point
•Hypnosis
•Warm bath
•Environment (soft music, low lights, etc)
•Acupuncture/Acupressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the gate control theory of pain? |
|
Definition
| According to this theory pain sensations travel along sensory nerve pathways to the brain, but only a limited number of sensations, or messages, can travel through these nerve pathways at once time. Using the distraction techniques such as massage or stroking, music, focal points, and imagery reduces or completely blocks the capacity of nerve pathways to transmit pain. |
|
|
Term
| What types of pharmacological pain control is use during labor? |
|
Definition
Sedatives which are given early in labor to decrease pain. May cause apprehension as labor progresses.
Narcotics (Demerol, Fantanyl, Stadol, Nubain)
With pharmacological pain medication need to give at the peak of contraction and this way baby gets least amount of medication. |
|
|
Term
| What labs should you check before a pt has and epidural? |
|
Definition
H&H and Platelets
Hem- 30
Hgb- 10
Platelet- 100,000 |
|
|
Term
| What gauge is the IV in L&D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the protocol for checking VS after an epidural is administered? |
|
Definition
Q5 for 30 min
If BP drops give O2, turn pt on side, turn up IV fluid, and give epi (at NWTH usually do 5mg IV and 5mg IM) |
|
|
Term
| What is a Pudendal nerve block? |
|
Definition
| It is administered late in the second stage of labor, is useful if an episiotomy is to be performed or if forceps or a vacuum extractor are to be use to facilitate birth. |
|
|
Term
| What does VEAL CHOP stand for? |
|
Definition
V-Variability C-Cord compression
E-Early Deceleration H-Head compression
A-Accelerations O-OK
L-Late decelerations P-Placental insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| What can cause the fetal oxygen to decrease |
|
Definition
- Reduction of blood flow through the maternal vessels as a result of maternal hypertension, hypotension, hypovolemia
- Reduction of the oxygen content in the maternal blood as a result of hemorrhage or severe anemia
- Alterations in fetal circulation, occurring with compression of the umbilical cord, placental separation or complete abruption, or head compression
- Reduction in blood flow to the intervillous space in the placenta secondary to uterine hypertonus or secondary to deterioration of the placental vasculature associated with maternal disorders such as hypertension or Diabetes Mellitus
|
|
|
Term
| What is a normal fetal heart rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is fetal techycardia |
|
Definition
| More than 160 BPM for at least 10 min or more in duration |
|
|
Term
| What is fetal bradycardia |
|
Definition
| Less than 90 to 110 BPM for 10 min or more in duration |
|
|
Term
| Which decreased FHR, Sympathetic or Parasympathetic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is this an example of?
Definition
|
|
Term
What is this an example of?
Definition
|
|
Term
What is this an example of?
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Absent variability? |
|
Definition
It is none or undetectable and is a non-reassuring sign
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What is Minimal variability? |
|
Definition
Is a change of ±5 bpm
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What is Moderate variability? |
|
Definition
A change of ± 6-25 BPM
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What is marked variability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a Periodic Change in regard to FHR? |
|
Definition
| Accels or decels in GFHR in response to the ctx |
|
|
Term
| What is a Episodic change in regard to FHR? |
|
Definition
| Accels or decels in FHR with no relation to ctx patterns |
|
|
Term
| What counts as an acceleration in FHR? |
|
Definition
- Visually abrupt increase in FHR
- At least 15 beats for 15 seconds
- Often occurs with movement
- If breech, will occur with ctx
|
|
|
Term
| What is a Early Deceleration? |
|
Definition
| This occurs with the contraction, the drop peak with the contraction and returns to normal by the end of the contraction; and this is usually caused by head compression and are considered normal |
|
|
Term
| What is a Late Decelaration? |
|
Definition
| This is when the drop in FHR is towards the end of the contraction and the peak is not in time with the peak of the contraction and the FHR does not return to normal until will after the contraction is over; this is usually caused by placental insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| What is Variable Decelartions? |
|
Definition
| This is when the decelerations are sporadic and are not in time with a contraction or just after, it happen in between contractions, during contractions, just before a contraction, etc.; This is usually caused by cord compression |
|
|
Term
| What is Prolonged Decelrations? |
|
Definition
| Prolonged deceleration is when the FHR drops 15 BPM or more from the baseline and stays that low for more than 2 min; a deceleration that lasts more than 10 is considered a basline change; this is caused by disruption in the fetal oxygen supply |
|
|
Term
| When do Late decels usually occur? |
|
Definition
| Common with uterine hyperactivity or hypertonus, maternal hypotension, postmaturity, hypertensive disorders, placenta problems, diabetes, infections |
|
|
Term
| With a variable decel what makes is variable? |
|
Definition
| It must be ± 15 BPM and last at least 15 seconds but less than 2 min, also is abrupt and shaped like a V, W, or U |
|
|
Term
| What is amnioinfusion and when would you do this? |
|
Definition
| This is supplementation of the amniotic fluid; this is done to reduce variable decelerations (floating the cord); also done to dilute meconium stained amniotic fluid; also remember to mark the fundus before doing this and check every hour to make sure not to over extend the uterus |
|
|
Term
| What can cause prolonged decels? |
|
Definition
| Can be beingn or omnious; uaually abrupt; deceleration lasts greater than 2 min but less than 10 min; usually isolated events |
|
|
Term
| What is normal uterine activity? |
|
Definition
| Normal uterine activity is defined as 5 or fewer ctx in 10 minutes, averaged over a 30 minute period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tachysystole is defined as more than 5 ctx in 10 minutes over a 30 minute window |
|
|
Term
| When monitoringn strips what is considered a Catagory I? |
|
Definition
- Baseline rate 110-160 BPM
- Baseline FHR variability: moderate
- Late or variable decelerations: absent
- Early decelerations: present or absent
- Accelerations: Present or absent
|
|
|
Term
| When monitoring stirps what is a catagory II? |
|
Definition
- Baseline rate: bradycardia and/or tachycardia
- baseline FHR variability: minimal variability or absent variability with no recurrent decelerations or marked variability
- Accelerations: absent
- Decelerations; recurrent variable decelerations accompanied by minimal or moderate baseline variability, prolonged deceleration more than 2 minutes but less than 10 minutes, recurrent late decelerations with moderate variability, variable decelerations with slow return to baseline
|
|
|
Term
| When monitoring strips what is a Catagory III? |
|
Definition
- Absent baseline FHR variability
- Recurrent late decelerations
- Recurrent variable decelerations
- Bradycardia
- Sinusoidal pattern
|
|
|
Term
| What are some maternal adaptations during labor? |
|
Definition
- 400 ml of blood empties from uterus into vascular system with eachcontraction
- Increased cardiac output
- BP increase
- Hyperventilation
- Oxygen consumption doubles in second stage
- Proteinuria may occur
- Decrease GI motility
|
|
|
Term
| What is the first stage of labor? |
|
Definition
| Onset of contractions to full dilation |
|
|
Term
| How many phases in the first stage of labor and what are they? |
|
Definition
- Latent- Mild contractions, increased efacement, No descent, Dilates 0-3 cm, Primagravida 3-20 hours, mutigravida 30 min-14 hours; abdominal cramps, backache, bloody show, maternal excitement
- Active- Cervix dilates from 4-7 cm, moderate to strong contractions lasting 40-70 seconds ocurring every 3-5 min, pain, maternal apprehension
- Transition- Cervix dilates from 8-10 cm, conractions last from 45-90 seconds accurring ecery 2-3 minutes, leg cramps, N/V, pain, perspiration on upper lip, shaking of legs
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the second stage of labor? |
|
Definition
| The second stage of labor is when there is complete dilation (10cm) to the birth of the baby |
|
|
Term
| What are the three phases of the second stage of labor and what are they? |
|
Definition
- Latent phase: "laboring down", little or no urge to bear down
- Descent phase: Ferguson's reflex, active pushing
- Transition phase: Intense, May lose control
|
|
|
Term
| What is the fourth stage of Labor? |
|
Definition
Placental stage
It lasts 1-20 minutes, contractions decrease upon birth of baby, usually paainless, this is where the placenta is delivered |
|
|
Term
| What are some S/S the placenta has separated? |
|
Definition
- Upward rise of uterus in abdomen
- Uterus becomes flobular in shape
- Lengthening of the unbilical cord
- Gush of blood
|
|
|
Term
| What is the fourth stage of labor? |
|
Definition
|
|
|
| |
