Term
|
Definition
cervix unable to retain IUP
many etiologies: congenital, trauma, hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hx of multiple painless 2nd trimester abortions |
|
|
Term
| treatment of incompetent cervix |
|
Definition
bedrest
cervical cerclage (cervix is sewn shut for the pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cervix should measure >3cm throughout pregnancy
If >5cm should question if falsely elongated |
|
|
Term
| What is amniotic fluid produced by? |
|
Definition
| fetal kidneys, skin, and lungs; as wwell as umbilical cord and membranes |
|
|
Term
| Fetal urination accounts for how much of AFI? |
|
Definition
| 2/3 in 2nd/3rd trimesters |
|
|
Term
| Functions of Amniotic Fluid |
|
Definition
cushions fetus
allows for fetal activity and movement
prevents adherence of amnion to embryo
promotes lung growth
regulates temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visal assessment of fluid present, lie of fetus, placental position |
|
|
Term
| Four Quadrant Method of AFI |
|
Definition
| Divide uterus into 4 quadrants and measure largest vertical pocket (absence of fetal parts) in each quadrant: Then total them up. |
|
|
Term
| Normal AFI using 4 quadrant Method |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decreased AFI (4 quad method) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increased AFI (4 quad method) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Single Pocket Assessment (AFI) |
|
Definition
Indentify largest pocket (must me > 1cm) without fetal parts and measure depth
<2cm Oligohydraminos (not enough fluid)
2-8cm Normal
>8cm Polyhydraminos (too much fluid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amniotic fluid volume >2000mL at term
Largest pocket >8cm |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of Polyhydraminos |
|
Definition
Increased secretion of amniotic fluid by large placenta or fetal malformation which prevents swallowing or absorption
Diabetes-maternal or gest.
Idiopathic-no known origin
Fetal anomalies such as NTD, GI, cardiac, chest or chromosomal
rH incompatibility
Twins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sudden maternal weight gain
large for dates
maternal lower limb edema
distant fetal parts and heart tones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large amount of amniotic fluid
exceptional visualization of fetal parts
placenta may appear thin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abnomally small amount of fluid <400-500mL at term
Mild pocket is <2cm but >1cm
Oligo pocket is <1cm |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of Oligohydraminos |
|
Definition
Fetal demise
IUGR
Placental vascular insufficiency
PROM
fetal renal anomalies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lack of normal maternal weight gain
small for dates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reduced amount of amniotic fluid
poor image detail due to lack of tissue-fluid interfaces
crowding of fetal parts
decrease in number of pockets of fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrops in a fetus w/o presence of fetomaternal blood incompatibility |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common cuase of nonimmune hydrops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| need for increased vascularity during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uusally occurs during labor and includes entire thickness of uterine wall |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of maternal anemia |
|
Definition
iron deficiency
folic acid deficiency
aplaastic anemia |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of maternal anemia |
|
Definition
iron deficiency
folic acid deficiency
aplaastic anemia |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for maternal anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complications of uterine rupture |
|
Definition
hemorrhage
shock
postoperative infection
death of child/mother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oligohydramnios
large amount of peritoneal fluid
eleavted fetal station-fetus usually high position in maternal pelvis |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 coexisting masses? |
|
Definition
fibroids
ovarian cysts
other masses (pelvic kidney, dilated ureter, fecal filled colon, wandering spleen) |
|
|
Term
| What two types of ovarian cysts are coexisting? |
|
Definition
corpus luteum (unilateral)
theca lutein (bilateral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pain, tenderness in adnexal
high levels of hCG
palpable adnexal mass on pelvic exam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period of time after placenta is delivered until maternal anatomy returns back to nonpregnant state |
|
|
Term
| The uterus returns to normal size by how many weeks postpartum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HOw much does the endo measure on a postpartum uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large, hypoechoic uterus
fluid within endo representing residual blood
varying shape and position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood loss exceeding 500ml after vaginal delivery; 1000ml after c-section |
|
|
Term
| possibly the most lethal complication post partum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hemorrhage is associated with |
|
Definition
RPOC
uterine atony
uterine overdistention
uterine manipulation
polyhydramnios
multiple gestation |
|
|
Term
| s/s of postpartum hemorrhage |
|
Definition
heavy, vaginal bleeding
decreasing hematocrit
shock or signs of hypovolemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicated when patient has elevated body temp |
|
|
Term
| This is the most common route of infection postpartum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| postpartum infection is associated with |
|
Definition
poor nutrition
anemia
c-section
prolonged labor
prolonged rupture of membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
elevated temp
increased wbc
tachycardia
tenderness
malaise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result of failure to stop bleeding after c-section, commonly found anterior to uterine incision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fever
pelvic mass
decreased hematocrit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hetergeneous collection between anterior lower uterine segment and posterior bladder wall
poorly defined borders
internal septations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collection of blood, pus, or serous fluid secondary to body's attempt to fight off infection |
|
|
Term
| Ths could be due to hemorrhage, infection or hematoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
complex or anechoic fluid collection anywhere
internal debris
acoustic shadowing when echogenic microbubbles or gas are present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iliac or ovarian vein become thrombosed (more common in csection) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anechoic or hypoechoic oval mass identified within retroperitoneum
contigous with ovarian vessel
doppler shows limited or no blood flow
if iliac vein, will run adjacent to iliac artery |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors associated with multiple gestation |
|
Definition
advanced maternal age
multiparity
post-pill pregnancies
ovulation-inducing agents
maternal history of twinning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many ova are fertilized and implant in uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result of division of single fertilized ovum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced from separately fertilized ovum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 placentas, 2 amnionic sacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one placenta, two amniotic sacs |
|
|
Term
| monochorionic monoamniotic |
|
Definition
| one placenta, one amnionic sac |
|
|
Term
| division of bilaminar disc between days 8-13 |
|
Definition
| monochorionic monoamniotic |
|
|
Term
| divides day 4-8 after chorion has already developed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| may be same gener but will always be fraternal twins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 amnions, 2 chorions, 2 placentas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sonographic growth assessment of multiple gestations |
|
Definition
# of fetusus
fetal lie
# of placentas
presence/absence of membranes
growth measurements
document fetal heart rates
qualitative assessment of AFI |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of multiple gestation complications |
|
Definition
SAB of at least one fetus
PROM
premature labor/delivery
stillbirth
IUGR
vanishing twin
twin to twin transfusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results from development of vascular structures (artery to vein anastamoses) |
|
|
Term
| donor twin (twin to twin transfusion) will appear |
|
Definition
small
dehydrated
oligohydramnios
severe anemia leading to hydrops |
|
|
Term
| recipient twin of twin to twin transfusion will appear |
|
Definition
edematous and hypertensive
ascites likely
polydramnios
appears fat and healthy
will die of heart failure within 24 hrs of birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hydropic changes
ascites
enlarged liver, heart, kidneys
polydramnios |
|
|
Term
| treatment of twin to twin transfusion |
|
Definition
drain amniotic fluid from recipient twin (serial drainage may be necessary)
laser coagulation of anastamoses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result if incomplete division of fertilized ovum between day 8 and 14 |
|
|
Term
| thoracopagus means that conjoined twins are united where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pygopagus means that conjoined twins are united where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| craniopagus means that conjoined twins are united where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| omphalopagus means that conjoined twins are united where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ischiopagus means that conjoined twins are united where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thoraco-omphalopagus means that conjoined twins are united where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common place where conjoined twins are united |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| twin embolization syndrome |
|
Definition
| passage of blood clots from a dead monochorionic twin to remaining live twin |
|
|
Term
| acardiac twin (parabiotic twin) |
|
Definition
| rare condition in which one twin is severely manformed and is perfused by normal twin |
|
|
Term
| this is a result of vein-to-vein and artery-to-artery anastamoses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polydramnios
monozygotic twin pregnancy with single placenta
acardia twin will display previous pathologies
pump twin may present with hydrops fetalis |
|
|
Term
| acardiac twin is also known as |
|
Definition
| twin reverses arterial profusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measurement obtained at level of thalami and cavum septum pellucidum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer edge of partietal bone to inner sufrance of far parietal bone |
|
|
Term
| able to measure bpd from weeks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this measurement is used in addition to bpd |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is the least reliable measurement by itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this measurement includes offified diaphysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 measurements of fetal biometry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is abnormal fetal growth? |
|
Definition
| Defined as fetal weight at or below 10th percentile at any given gestational age |
|
|
Term
| Causes of small for gestational age (SGA) |
|
Definition
Genetically small babies
Intrinsic causative factors
Extrinsic causative factors |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of Low birth weight (LBW) infants |
|
Definition
Infants whose birth weight is low due to preterm delivery but still within 10th percentile for GA
Infants who are below 10th percentile for GA |
|
|
Term
| s/s of abnormal fetal growth |
|
Definition
Small fundal height
decrease in maternal weight
decrease in fundal height |
|
|
Term
| Risks factors of Abnormal fetal growth |
|
Definition
previous Hx of IUGR
Mother is <17 yrs old or >35yrs old |
|
|
Term
| Which type of IUGR is least common? |
|
Definition
| Symmetrical (Small all over) |
|
|
Term
| What is symmetrical IUGR usually a result of? |
|
Definition
| 1st trimster trauma/insult to fetus |
|
|
Term
| When does symmetrical IUGR begin and end? |
|
Definition
| Begins prior to 26 weeks until delivery |
|
|
Term
| What can lead to IUGR being unrecognized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of IUGR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is asymmetrical IUGR usually a result of? |
|
Definition
Placental insufficiency
decrease in body size (AC) |
|
|
Term
| when does asymmetrical IUGR occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Asymmetrical IUGR
Intrinsic or Extrinsic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| U/S findings of IUGR may include |
|
Definition
small for dates
slow growth
evidence of asymmetry
oligohydraminios
grade 3 placenta before 36 weeks
delayed appearance of distal femoral epiphyseal ossification center
doppler umbilical artery |
|
|
Term
| If IUGR is suspected how after are U/S exams performed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the distal femoral epiphyseal ossification center able to be seen? |
|
Definition
| around 32-33 weeks normally |
|
|
Term
| What is the average growth of the abdominal circumference of a fetus in the 3rd trimester? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most sensitive single indicator of IUGR and nutritional status of the fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fetus who measures over 90th percentile for GA |
|
|
Term
| What would a fetus with macrosomia weigh at term? |
|
Definition
| over 4000grams or >8.8lbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
could be inherited
babies of diabetic mothers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large for dates
maternal gestational diabetes
can increase perinatal mortality (birth trauma, hemorrhage, meconium aspiration)
can be stillbirth if associated with diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large for dates
accelerated growth
evidence of asymmetry
thick subcataneous fat line seen around head, abdomen, and thigh |
|
|
Term
| What is biophysical profile (BPP)? |
|
Definition
| evaluates 5 parameters to determine fetal well-being |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 parameters of the BPP? |
|
Definition
fetal breathing movements (Must visualize for 30 sec w/in 30mins)
Fetal body and trunk gross movements (at least 3 definite gross body movements or extremity movements)
Fetal Tone (extension or flexion of fetal extremities or spine and immediate redurn to original position)
Amniotic fluit volume
Cardiac non-stress test |
|
|
Term
| How long does the fetus have to complete the first four parameters of BPP under u/s observation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fetus will score a 2 on a cardiac non stress test (NST) if |
|
Definition
two fetal heart rate accelerations of 15 bpm or more
accelerations lasting at least 15 sec.
gross fetal movements over 20 mins without late decelerations |
|
|
Term
| What are the BPP Scoring ranges and what do they mean? |
|
Definition
8-10 pts. Normal
4-6 pts. no immediate concern
0-2 pts. immediate delivery or extend test to 120 mins. |
|
|
Term
| What is Diabetes Mellitus |
|
Definition
| a disorder due to complete lack of or relative lack of insulin within body |
|
|
Term
| How does diabetes mellitus occur? |
|
Definition
spontaneously (90%)
secondarty to pancratic disorders, hormonal imbalances, or drug reactions |
|
|
Term
| What type of diabetes is more frequently associated with fetal anatomic anomalies? |
|
Definition
| Poorly managed Diabetes Mellitus or Diabetes mellitus that predates pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What fetal abnormalities are associated with DM? |
|
Definition
Macrosomia
spontaneous abortion
polyhydraminios
placentomegaly
congenital malformations
stillbirth |
|
|
Term
| What is gestational diabetes? |
|
Definition
glucose intolerance of pregnancy
hormonal and metabolic changes associated with pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common complication of gestational diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complications of Gestational Diabetes |
|
Definition
Macrosomia
Maternal complications
polyhydramnios
preeclampsia
renal dysfuntion
hypoglycemia
peripheral vascular disease
postpartum hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| u/s changes of fetal anatomy with presence of Gestational diabetes |
|
Definition
sua (single umbilical artery)
presence of associated anatomic abnormality
oligo or polyhydramnios depending on fetal anomaly present |
|
|
Term
| u/s changes of placent when gestational diabetes is present |
|
Definition
thickened placenta
premature aging |
|
|
Term
| u/s growth related changes with gestational diabetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is hypertension diagnosed? |
|
Definition
systolic pressure >140mmHG
systolic increase >30mmHG (over non-pregnant state)
Diastolic >90mmHG
Diastolic increase >15mmHG (over non-pregnant state) |
|
|
Term
| classifications of Hypertension |
|
Definition
Essential HTN-condition exists prior to pregnancy
PIH-pregnancy induced hypertension |
|
|
Term
| What is toxemia (preeclampsia) |
|
Definition
| a disorder of pregnancy characterized by proteinuria, hypertension, and neurological symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HTN
Generalized edema
proteinura |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
same as preeclampsia plus
coma
seizures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
same as preeclampsia plus
coma
seizures |
|
|
Term
| Why is u/s used during pregnancy with HTN? |
|
Definition
used to monitor fetal growth and pregnancy
IUGR
Oligohydraminios
Decreased placental volume
accelerated placental aging
fetal demise |
|
|
Term
| Chronic Maternal infections may cause |
|
Definition
| fetal growth restrictions |
|
|
Term
| Acute maternal infections may cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does TORCH stand for? |
|
Definition
Toxoplasmosis
Other
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused by T.gondii-commonly found in cat feces and undercooked meat
maternal infection crosses placental barrier and results in fetal infection |
|
|
Term
| What are the complications of toxoplasmosis |
|
Definition
CNS calcifications
Microphthalmia (small tongue)
IUGR
Chorio-retinitis
Microcephaly
Thrombocytopenia (low platelets)
Hydrocephaly
Jaundice
Thick Placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is exposure to rubella during pregnency most dangerous? |
|
Definition
| during 1st 5 weeks of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What are the complications of rubella? |
|
Definition
Cataracts
CHD
deafness
Mental retardation |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common infection in pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some complications of cytomegalovirus? |
|
Definition
SAB
IUGR
Fetal Ascites
Fetal death
cranial anomalies
chest anomalies |
|
|
Term
| What infection can be transmitted to fetus during vaginal delivery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some complications of Herpes |
|
Definition
Eye, CNS, and visceral infection
May be asymptomatic
Generalized multiple organ involvement
Fetal death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common respiratory viral infection |
|
|
Term
| What does PROM stand for? |
|
Definition
| Premature Rupture of Membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passage of large amount of watery fluid from vagina (water broke) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Hydrops fetalis and how is it classified? |
|
Definition
Extensive accuulation of fluids in fetal tissues or body cavities
Classified as immune or nonimmune |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| erythroblastosis fetalis results when fetal red blood cells enter into maternal blood system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Percutaneous umbilical blood cord sampling
U/S guided sampling of umbilical cord blood in utero
performed after 17 weeks of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Indications for cordocentesis (PUBS) |
|
Definition
diagnostic-evaluation of fetal hematocrit
genetic testing-fetal blood sampling
therapeutic blood transfusion
administration of drugs to fetus in utero |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Greater than amnio vs CVS
Fetal maternal hemorrhage
trauma
infection
PROM
premature labor
fetal distress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
scalp edema
ascites; pleural effusion, pericardial effusion
polyhydramnios
placenta large and thick
liver and spleen of fetus may be enlarged
used to assist transfusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produced by hypotalamus
signals pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stimulates maturation and ovulation of graffian follicle and development of CL
stimulates progesterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary follicle that releases egg |
|
|
Term
| When is estrogen produced? |
|
Definition
| first half of menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
| When is estrogen and progesterone produced? |
|
Definition
| 2nd half of menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Days 1-5
superficial layer of endo sloughs off basal layer and menstruation begins |
|
|
Term
| u/s findings of menstrual phase |
|
Definition
thickened, echogenic endo prior to menses
complex appearance at onset
thin, irregular endo after shedding of tissue
mas AP diameter (post menses)=2mm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Days 6-14
regrowth of endo in response to estrogen secreted by follicles
lasts about 10 days, ends at ovulation |
|
|
Term
| u/s of proliferative phase |
|
Definition
hypoechoic area around prominent Midline echo (early phase)
Thickened, isoechoic endo (late phase)
Max AP diameter =6-8mm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
days 15-28
progesterone causes glandular enlargement of endo and stroma becomes vascular and edematous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hyperechoic endo with obscured ML
posterior acoustic enhancement
Max AP diameter =up to 18mm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
days 1-14
5-8 follicles may be seen on each ovary
dominant follicle seen by day 8 apprx 1 cm. |
|
|
Term
| u/s findings dominant follicle |
|
Definition
Any follicle measuring > 11mm will most likely ovulate
grows 2-3mm/day consistantly
presence of cumulus oophorus ovulation will occur in 36hrs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
day 14
ovulation occurs 24-36 hrs after onset of LH surge |
|
|
Term
| u/s findings of ovulatory phase |
|
Definition
sudden decrease in follicular size
free fluid in cul-de-sac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
days 15-28
involution of graffian follicle results in formation of corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces progesterone which maintains secretory endo if implatation occurs |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the corpus luteum if there is an absence of hCG? |
|
Definition
| CL regresses after 14 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simple cyst found withing cervical region of uterus
benign, normal finding
asymptomatic unless quite large
most common finding on pelvic ultrasounds
simple discrete round anechoic cysts
usually measures less than 2cm |
|
|
Term
| What is the earliest sign of endometrial carcinoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S/S endometrial carcinoma |
|
Definition
thickened endometrium
irregular bleeding
PMB with endo <5mm excludes significant endometrial abnormality |
|
|
Term
| u/s findings of endometrial carcinoma |
|
Definition
TV exam most helpful
showing mymetrial invasion is CLEAR evidence of endo ca
shown as thickening and irregularity of endo interface |
|
|
Term
| d/d of endometrial carcinoma |
|
Definition
endometrial hypertrophy
polyp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arise from sex cords of embryonic gonad or from ovarian stromas |
|
|
Term
| 4 types of sex cord stromal tumors |
|
Definition
fibromas
thecoma
granulosa
sertoli-leydig tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most are benign
most frequently middle age but can occur at any age
ascites associated with 10-15% of fibromas >10cm AP
Associated with Meig's syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hypoechoic with posterior shadowing
rarely bilateral
similare in appearance to pedunculated fibroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most commonly in postmenopausal women who present with estrogen or androgen activities
97% are unilateral
Rarely malignant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Postmenopausal women 50-55 yrs of age
95% are of the adult type
tumors commonly produce estrogen |
|
|
Term
| juvenile granulosa cell tumors result in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small tumors predominanty solid (similar to fibroids)
large tumors are multiloculated and cystic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka androblastoma
rare: less than .5% of ovarian neoplasms
75% occur in women under 30yrs old
usually unilateral
present with symptoms of masculinization |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common primary sites of metastatic ovarian tumors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are metastatic tumors spread to ovaries? |
|
Definition
Direct invasion
peritoneal fluid
blood vessels and lymphatic's from distant sites |
|
|
Term
| Where do Krukenber tumors arise from? |
|
Definition
| Gastric, large bowel and breast carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Which type of metastatic tumor specifically targets ovary as a site for mets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are krukenberg tumors characterized? |
|
Definition
by presence of mucin-filled signet-ring cells
cannot be distinguised sonographically from primary cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bilaterally enlarged, solid ovarian masses
complex, predominantly cystic appearance due to necrotic changes
possible ascites |
|
|
Term
| What is the 4th leading cause of cancer death? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the 5th most frequent cancer in women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true/false: women who have used oral contraception are at an increased risk of develping ovarian cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What distinguishes fibroids from polyps? |
|
Definition
fibroids will shadow
polyps will not shadow
SIS (aka sonohysterography) to prove
polyps may have feeder stalk
when color doppler applied look for vascularity |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of AUB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the uterus? |
|
Definition
endometrium (inner)
myometrium (middle)
perimetrium (outer) |
|
|
Term
| What are the portions of the fallopian tubes |
|
Definition
Isthmus
ampulla
infundibulum
fimbriae |
|
|
Term
| What are arteriovenous malformations (AVM)? |
|
Definition
| commnication between the venous and arterial systems |
|
|
Term
| When is a sonohysterography (aka: sis) best performed |
|
Definition
after bleeding stops when endo is at its thinnest
If not, small irregularities could be misdiagnosed |
|
|
Term
| Where is the most common site for ectopic pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most dangerous site for ectopic pregnancy? |
|
Definition
intramural (interstitial) portion of FT
very dangerous since surrounded by large amounts of vessels |
|
|
Term
Pelvic inflammatory disease
(PID) |
|
Definition
| Result of ascending spread of microorganisms from vagina and Cx through endo cavity into FTs |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of PID? |
|
Definition
caused by variety of organisms
clamydia
gonorrhea
associated with IUDs |
|
|
Term
| Which pelvic structure contains the uterine blood vessels and nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the vascular space between the placenta and myometrium is absent, the sonographer should expect what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The best measuring method for evaluating the gestational age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A localized hypoechoic adnexal mass is present on serial sonograms. Physiological ovarian cysts of varying size are present bilaterally. Based on this clinical hx, the adnexal mass is most suspicious for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An echogenic endometrium with posterior acoustic enhancement is present during which phase of the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal serum maternal afp levels vary with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a diamniotic/monochorionic multifetal pregnancy will demonstrate |
|
Definition
| one placenta and two gestational sacs |
|
|
Term
| Symmetrical intrauterine growth restriction is most likely a result of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which twin abnormality demonstrates an arteriovenous anastomosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which rare benign neoplasm occurs most often in postmenopausal women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [image] A menarche patient presents with a hx of dysmenorrhea and uterine tenderness during a physical examination. Her last menstrual period was 2 weeks prior. The uterine myometrium appears diffusely inhomogeneoous on ultrasound. Based on this clinical hx the sonographic presentation is most suspicious for (pg 436 ovel #20): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [image] A menarche patien presents with a hx of mild pelvic pain. Her menstrual cycles have been normal, with a last menstrual period 3 weeks ago. ONly one ovary is identified with certainty. Based on theis clincal hx, the sonogram is most likely identifiying? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phase of the endometrium demostrates the thinnest diameter? |
|
Definition
| late menstrual/early proliferative |
|
|
Term
| Normal embryonic herniation of the bowel permits development of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which leiomyoma location is most likely to cause heavy irregular uterine bleeding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal nuchal translucency does not exceed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which obstetrical condition is an indication for immediate delivery? |
|
Definition
placental abruption
(abruptio placente) |
|
|
Term
| At what gestational age are chorionic villus sampling (CVS) procedures commonly performed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brighly echogenic bowel in a second trimester is most likely associated with which abnormality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inward curvature of digits |
|
|
Term
| in postmenopausal women, endometrial thickness is consistently benign when measuring less than |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Should fluid in the endometrial cavity be included in end measurement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cervix to corpus ratio of a premenarche uterus is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The yolk sac is abnormal once the diameter exceeds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In relation to the ovaries, the external iliac vessels are located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [image] a 30 yr old pt. presents with a hx of infertility. Based on theis hx, the sonogram of the right ovary most likely displays |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [image] an asymptomatic patient presents with a previous hx of pelvic infection. Her last menstrual period was 2 weeks ago. on the basis of this clinical hx, the sonogram is most suspicious for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [image] a 30yr old patient presents with a hx of left pelvic fullness. Her lmp was 5 days ago. Bilateral ovaries appear within normal limits. Based on this clinical hx, this sonogram of the left adnexa is most suspicious for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [image] A patient undergoing ovulation induction therapy presents with a hx of incrased abdominal girth. This sonogram of the pelvis demonstrates what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ovulation usually occurs when the diameter of the dominant follicle measures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What adnexal pathology is associated with trophoblastic disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Placenta previa is ruled out when the placental edge is located a minimum of what distance from the internal os |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pelvic muscle is most frequently mistaken for the ovary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proliferation of the endometrium is a result of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most common cause for postmenopausal bleeding is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An extrauterine mass most commonly develops on which structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mature physiological cyst is termed what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone is responsible for inducing ovulation during a normal menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nabothian cysts are most commonly located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A thin septation within the endometrial cavity is consistent with which congenital uterine anomaly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thicknes of the endometrium is dependent of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffuse uterine enlargement demonstrating diffuse myometrial anechoic areas are sonographic findings consistent with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transvaginally, in a sagittal plane, the urinary bladder should display on which portion of the screen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which laboratory value determines when the ovary is ready to ovulate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A 30yr old patient with normal menses presents for an ultrasound on the 10th day of her cycle. The endometrial stripe is expected to demonstrate how? |
|
Definition
| A thick, hypoechoic functional layer and a hyperechoic basal layer |
|
|
Term
| Which portion of the uterus is indistinct in the nongravid state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The suspensory ligament attaches |
|
Definition
| ovary to the pelvic sidewall |
|
|
Term
| An anechoic tubular adnexal mass posterior and lateral to the uterus in an asymptomatic patient is most likely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cystic teratoma is most commonly located |
|
Definition
| lateral to the uterine isthmus |
|
|
Term
| Which syndrome is associated with an extra set of chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| precocious puberty may indicate the possible presence of a mass of the |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus, gonads, or adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
| A unilocular thin walled cystic structure is identified adjacent to a normal appearing ovary. This mass is most suspicious for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common gynecological malignancy in the united states involves the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A bicornuate uterus is a congenital anomaly resulting from |
|
Definition
| an incomplete fusion of the mullerian ducts |
|
|
Term
| in ectopic pregnancy, serial hCG levels are expected to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ovulation typically occures within how many hours of visualizing a cumulus oophorus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enodmetrial phase demonstrates the greatest dimension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fertilization of the ovum occurs where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which structure is responsible for secreting the follicle stimulating hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the normal endometrium of a postmenopausal patient not receiving HRT is expected to appear how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true/false? fibromas are associated with Meigs syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rapid increase in serial human chorionic gonadotropin levels is associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pelvic mass is commonly displayed in a normal first trimester pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the maternal side of the developing placenta? |
|
Definition
|
|
