Term
| Which hormone triggers the "off switch" in the negative feedback loop of the H-P-O axis? |
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Definition
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Term
| The hypothalamus releases which hormone? |
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Definition
| GnRH (gonad releasing hormone) |
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Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone and leutenizing hormone are released by which gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ovaries release what hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Prostaglandins: what is the function of PGE? PGF? |
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Definition
PGE: Vasodilatory; smooth muscle relaxant
PGF: vasoconstrictive; smooth muscle contractor |
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Term
| Which hormone stimulates the folloicle (which houses the egg) to grow and mature? |
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Definition
| FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) |
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Term
| This hormone converts the empty follicle into the corpus luteum and supports this structure (which in turn supports an early pregnancy until the placenta forms) |
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Definition
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Term
This stage covers the growth of the follicle from "primary" to "mature."
A surge of ___ stimulates release of the egg |
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Definition
Follicular Phase (days 1-14)
Surge of LH (leutenizing hormone) causes egg release |
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Term
| In the follicular phase, is estrogen or progesterone the dominant hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| This stage of the ovarian cycle is from days 15-28, and involves conversion of the empty follicle into the ___________ |
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Definition
Leuteal Phase
Corpus luteum |
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Term
| In the luteal phase, is estrogen or progesterone the dominant hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| During the menstrual cycle, what phase involves bleeding |
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Definition
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Term
| In the uterine cycle, the proliferative phase is characterized by _____________ hormone dominance |
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Definition
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Term
| In the uterine cycle, the secretory phase is characterized by ______________ hormone dominance |
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Definition
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Term
| A drop in which hormone causes the ischemic phase? |
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Definition
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Term
Progesterone ____ (on/off) = "baby hotel"
Progesterone ____ (on/off)= restart menstrual phase |
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Definition
On = baby hotel
Off = restart menstrual phase |
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Term
| If a menstrual cycle is 21 days, ovulation occus on what day? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ovulation occus on which day for a 28 day cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| For a 35 day cycle, ovulation occurs on the ____ day |
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Definition
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Term
| For a 42 day cycle, ovulation occus on the ____ day |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones of pregnancy include: |
|
Definition
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
Estrogen
Progesterone
Relaxin
Prolactin
Oxytocin
Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) |
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Term
| Which hormone is responsible for a + pregnancy test? |
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Definition
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Term
| This hormone "rescues" the corpus luteum cyst (CLC) |
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Definition
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Term
| This hormone is produced by the placenta, and responsible for + pregnancy tests |
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Definition
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Term
| Nausea is caused by which hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
____________ is a hormone that:
- is produced by the placenta
- develops breast ducts
- develops blood vessels of the uterus
- responsible for hypercoagulability
- stimulates melanin
- changes in collagen
- decreases sensitivity to insulin |
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Definition
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Term
___________ is a hormone that is:
- produced by CLC, then placenta
- develops glandular breast tissue
- increases respiratory rate
- relaes smooth muscle (blood vessels and GI tract, incl. gallbladder) |
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Definition
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Term
| Relaxin is a hormone with a function of |
|
Definition
| remodeling connective tissue |
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Term
| ______________ is produced by the posterior pituitary gland, and responsible for labor contractions and milk ejection |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ is produced by the anterior pituitary, helps develop breasts for lactations in synergy with estrogen and progesterone, and stimulates lactogenesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| hPL is produced by ________- |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ assists prolactin with lactogenesis, and is responsible for insulin resistance (increase in maternal blood sugars, protein synthesis, and lipolysis - allows available glucose for developing fetus). |
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Definition
| hPL (hyman placental lactogen) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Include the partner
2. Don't assume gender of partner |
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Term
| Physiological respiratory changes in pregnancy |
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Definition
Increased tidal volume
Increased O2 consumption (by 20%)
Increased respiratory rate
Elevated diaphragm (upward displacement)
Rib cage flare
Nasal stuffiness
Epistaxis
Respiratory alkalosis
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|
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Term
| Physiologic changes of pregnancy: HEENT |
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Definition
Eyes change shape
Ptyalism
Bleeding Gums
Nose Bleeds
Feeling of fullness/stuffiness in ears, nose and sinuses |
|
|
Term
Physiologic changes in pregnancy:
Skin and Hair |
|
Definition
linea nigra
spider nevi
acne vulgaris
Striae - 50-90%
Melasma (aka Cholasma)
Darkening areolae, vulva, axilla
Increased hair and nail growth (prolonged growth phase, less in resting phase)
palmar erythema |
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|
Term
| What hormone is responsible for melasma (or chloasma) |
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Definition
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|
Term
Normal physiologic changes in pregnancy:
Breasts |
|
Definition
enlarge - glandular hypertrophy
Tenderness and sensitivity
Nipple sensitivity
Vein prominence
Nipples become more erect
areolar changes - darkening, enlargement
Montgomery's tubercules
Colostrum - from 12 weeks |
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|
Term
Normal Physiologic changes of pregnancy:
GI |
|
Definition
Displaced stomach/intestines
Decreased GI motility and emptyhing (gas, constipation)
Nausea and vomiting
Decreased gallbladder emptying *risk for stones
Progesterone causes "valve" between stomach and esophagus to "soften" - heartburn
Dilated vessels - hemorrhoids
Elevated alkaline phosophotase |
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|
Term
Which hormones soften the cardiac sphincter, predisposing the woman to heartburn symptoms?
Is heartburn during pregnancy a chemical or mechanical process |
|
Definition
Progesterone, relaxin
It is a mechanical process |
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Term
Physiologic changes in pregnancy:
Renal |
|
Definition
Increased renal blood flow
Dilation and urinary stasis in renal pelves (droopy ureters) *risk for UTI/pyelo
Increased GFR (though "sloppy" so glucose and traces of protein may be spilled)
Increased frequency with mechanical compression of bladder |
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|
Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| Normal CV changes in pregnancy |
|
Definition
- Lateral displacement of the heart
- Increased stroke volume, HR, CO
- Vasodilation with subsequent drop in BP
- Increase in resting HR by 10-15 bpm
- Systolic murmur up to 90%
- Increase in blood volume, max @32 weeks (50% increase in plasma volume)
- increase in clotting factors |
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|
Term
| Hematologic changes during pregnancy |
|
Definition
Increase in plasma and RBC's
physiologic anemia of pregnancy
Fetus begins to store iron after 20 weeks
Immunocompromise
Elevated WBC
"Shift" to the left
Changes in lab tests
Incrase in clotting factors
Decrease in Hgb, Hct, increase in WBC
Increase in alkaline phosphotase |
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