Term
| LG1- Contrast the two types of ability. |
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Definition
Ability: An individual's capacity to perform the various tasks in a job. Ability is an important predictor of job performance.
An individuals ability are made of two sets of factors: intellectual and physical
Physical Ability: The capacity to do tasks that demand stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics. |
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Term
| LG2- Define intellectual ability and demonstrate its relevance to OB |
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Definition
Intellectual abilities: The capacity to do mental abilities- thinking, reasoning and problem solving.
General Mental Ability (GMA): An overall factor of intelligence, as suggested by the positive correlations among specific intellectual ability dimensions.
This cognitive ability is related to OB: relationship between intellectual abilities and performance, happiness, satisfaction |
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Term
| LG3- Identify the key biographical characteristics and describe how they are relevant to OB |
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Definition
Biographical characteristics: Personal characteristics- such as age, gender, race, and length of tenure- that are objective ad easily obtained from personnel records.
-Age (-> experience, strong work ethic, good judgment, quality, less likely to quit, less avoidable absence, BUT resistant to new technology, lacking flexibility, unavoidable absence)
-Gender (no difference in productivity but other preferences for work schedules)
-Race (-> discrimination)
-Employment tenure (length of time spend at an employer -> increase job satisfaction)
-Religion (effects on regulations etc.) |
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Term
| LG4- Define learning and outline the principles of the three major theories of learning. (just outline) |
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Definition
Learning: A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.
1. Classical Conditioning: A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that will not ordinarily produce such a response.
2. Operating Conditioning: a type of conditioning in which the desired voluntary behaviour (that is learned, not reflexive) leads to a reward or prevents a punishment(positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement)Is part of behaviorism(A theory which argues that behaviour follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.
3. Social learning: The view tht people can learn through observation and direct experience based on the idea that people can also learn undirectly: by observation, reading, or just hearing about someone else's experiences.
Key concepts: - Attentional processes: must recognize and pay attention to critical features to learn - Retention processes: model’s actions, must be remembered to be learned - Motor reproduction processes: watching the model’s behavior must be converted to doing - Reinforcement processes: positive incentives motivate learners |
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Term
| LG5- Define shaping and show how it can be used in OB |
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Definition
Shaping behaviour: Sistematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response
Methods:
-Positive reinforcement: providing a reward for a desired behavior -Negative reinforcement: removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior occurs
-Punishment: applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable behavior
-Extinction: withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation
Schedules of reinforcement:
•Continuous:A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated
•Intermittent Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated
•Fixed-interval: Spacing rewards at uniform time intervals
•Variable interval: Distributing rewards in time so that reinforcements are unpredictable.
•Fixed-ratio: Initiating rewards after a fixed or constant number of responses.
•Variable ratio: Varying the reward relative to the behaviour of the individual.
OB Mod: Programme for behaviour modification
5 steps:
-Identify critical behaviors (using containers)
-Develop baseline data (45% containerized)
-Identify behavioral consequences
-Develop and implementing an intervention strategy
-Evaluate performance improvement |
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Term
| LG6-Show how culture affects our understanding of intellectual abilities, biographical characteristics and learning. |
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Definition
- Intellectual Abilities: different culture does not have an influence on intellectual abilities
- Biographical Characteristics: Some biographical characteristics vary across cultures (racially homogenous)
- Learning: little research on how theories of learning generalize to organizations and employees in different cultures |
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