Term
| The suffix for two carboxyl groups in one molecule. |
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Definition
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Term
| Common Names For Different C chain length acids. 1-6, 8, 10, 16, and 18 |
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Definition
Formic Acid
Acetic Acid
Propionic Acid
Butyric Acid
Valeric Acid
Caproic Acid
Caprylic Acid '6
Capric Acid '8
Palmitic Acid m-(CH2)14COOH
Stearic Acid m-(CH2)16COOH |
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Term
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Definition
| Benzoic Acid with a methyl group. |
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Term
| What are the three terms used to describe where something is relatively in a ring? |
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Definition
Ortho one o'clock
Meta 4 o'clock
Para 6 o'clock |
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Term
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Definition
| Benzoic Ring with two carboxyls in an ortho arrangement. |
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Term
| Garbage Bags From Potato Peels Perspective (6) |
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Definition
We recycle biodegradable materials in plastic bags that themselves are not biodegradable.
Lab research has come up with a solution to this problem by making a bag with the properties of plastic but is still biodegradable. One example being PLA or Polylactic Acid (show how it's made), which can be used for trash bags, sutures, implants, and drug delivery systems.
Normally we waste around 10 billion lbs of potatoes each year. Potato waste however can be converted to glucose, and then lactic acid.
Nature provides other biodegradable plastics such as PHB or polyhydrobutyric acid from bacteria. It is made up of the monomer B-hydroxybutyric acid (show how it's made).
Unfortuneately PHB isn't a commercially successful plastic, so the heteropolymer Bipol is made from B-hydroxybutyric acid and B-hydroxyvaleric acid (show Bipol heteropolymer construction).
Biodegradable plastics however cannot currently compete with non-biodegradable plastics however because the bacteria that produce them do so too slowly, so future R&D is needed to reduce the cost to make them. |
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Term
| Progressive Oxidation to Carbox Acid |
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Definition
primary -ol -> -al -> -oic
Perparation of a Carboxylic Acid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Tartaric Acid
and
Malic Acid |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Salicylic Acid
and
Acetylsalicylic Acid |
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Definition
Benzoic Ring Ortho Alcohol
Benzoic Ring with ortho acetate group |
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Term
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Definition
| SHOULD BE DRAWN WITH AN EQUILIBRUIM <-> SIGN |
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Term
Esterification
& It's Reverse Rxn |
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Definition
R1-Carbox + R2OH <--Acid, Heat--> R1-Ester-R2 + H2O
Reverse is Hydrolysis |
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Term
| The Chemistry of Flavor and Fragrance Perspective (3) |
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Definition
Carboxylic Acids Smell Very Bad. Butryic Acid is the smell of gangrene and rancid butter.
Esters however smell good as Ethyl Butyrate is the smell of pineapples.
Although fruits have a complex mixture of esters so the flavor is never fully embodied, scientists make fruit based artificial flavors made of esters that taste and smell good. One such example is Methyl butanoate (CH3CH2CH2esterCH3) which is the main ester responsible for the taste of apples. |
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Term
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Definition
| R1-ester-R2 + H2O --NaOH or KOH, Heat--> R1-Carbox Salt + R2OH |
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Term
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Definition
CH2-oester-R1
CH-oester-R2
CH2-oester-R3 --M+OH-, Heat, H2O--> Glycerol + R1-ester-M + R2-ester-M + R3-Ester-M
Glycerol
CH2-OH
CH-OH
CH2-OH |
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Term
How soap works.
What is the name of the units it forms? |
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Definition
| The polar hydrophilic heads dissolve in the water, while the non-polar hydrophobic tails that dissolve in the oil. This forms micelles. The micelles then bring the oil within them as they are washed away. |
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Term
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Definition
| COOH-Benzene-COOH + 1,2 Ethanediol --> H2O + HOCH2CH2-oester-benzene-COOH --> same thing happens on the other side. |
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Term
| Acid Chloride Formation (p.476) |
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Definition
R-Carbox --Inorganic Acid Chloride-->
O
R-C-Cl + Inorganic products |
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Term
| Anhydride Formation (write out, on p.479) |
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Definition
R1-Acid Chloride --R2-Carbox Ion-->
R1-Acid anhydride-R2 + Chloride Ion |
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Term
| Examples of Inorganic Acid Chlorides (3) |
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Definition
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Term
Ethanoic Anhydride
Benzoic Anhydride (both p. 479) |
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Definition
m-Anhydride-m
Benzene-Anhydride-Benzene |
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Term
| What happens when you mix an alcohol with an anhydride? (p. 481) |
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Definition
| ROH + R-Acid anhydride-R --> R-Ester-R + R-Carbox |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Adenosine, Phosphate, Amine, Purine, Hydroxyl, (Phospho) Anhydride, (Phospho) ester, Furan |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Carboxyllic Acid Derivatives of Special Interest Perspective (6) p.484 for molecules |
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Definition
Asprin or acetylsalicylic acid is derived from the bark of the willow tree is the most widely used drug in the world with hundreds of millions of dollars being spent on it each year. It is both an analgesic or pain reliever, and an antipyretic or fever reducer.
It is among a group of molecules known as NSAIDs, or nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs inhibit cyclooxygenase which helps synthesize prostaglandins which are in part responsible for pain and fever.
Because NSAIDS inhibit clotting, they are not recommended for pregnant women or those with ulcurs. In those cases acetaminophen (draw structure) or tylenol is prescribed.
In the search for molecules with the same effects but are gentler on the stomach, Ibuprofen and naproxen were found.
Pheromones are chemicals secreted by animals that affect the behavior of the same species. These can be involved in warning, sexual attraction, trail marking. Insect pheromones are studied the most as they are often carboxylic acids, or acid derivatives. Tetracecenyl Acetate: m-CH2CH=CH(CH2)9CH2-oester-m |
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Term
| ROH + Phosphoric Acid --> (p.482) |
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Definition
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Term
Give an Example of a _____
Acetyl CoA is a _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbon Chain Names with Amine Group 0-6 |
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Definition
Ammonia
Systematic & Common
Methanamine Methylamine
N-Methylmethanamine Dimethylamine
N,N-Dimethylmethanamine Trimethylamine
Ethanamine Ethylamine
Propanamine Propylamine
Butanamine Butylamine |
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Term
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Definition
| Aniline with a methane group in the o m or p position. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
General: Preparation of Amines
Specifics (2)
Amide to Amine Rxn (p.522)
Nitrocompound to Aromatic primary amine (p. 522) |
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Definition
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Term
Basicity of Amines Demonstration
(P. 522) |
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Definition
| Amine + Water <--> Alyklammonium ion + Hydroxide ion |
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Term
| Neutralization of Amines (P. 522) |
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Definition
| Amine R-NH2 + Acid HCl --> Alkylammonium salt |
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Term
The other name for an amide bond.
Also, what is an amide bond?(ec) |
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Definition
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Term
| How polar and soluble are esters? |
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Definition
| Mildly polar, and somewhat soluble. |
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Term
General: Preparation of Amides
Specific: 2 (p. 522)
1
2 |
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Definition
Acid Chloride + 2 Ammonia or Amine --> Amide + Ammonium Chloride or Alkylammonium chloride.
R1-Acid Anhdride-R2 + Ammonia or Amine --> Amide + R-COO- NH4+ |
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Term
General: Hydrolysis of Amides
2 Specifics (p. 522) |
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Definition
R-Amide-R1 + Strong Acid H3O+ --> R-COOH + R-NH3+
R-Amide-R1 + Strong Base --> Carbox Salt R1-COO- M+ + R2-NH2 Amine |
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Term
| Semisynthetic Penicillins Perspective (4) |
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Definition
The first antibiotic: penicillin, was discovered by Alexander Flemming in 1929. The first antibiotics were only effective against Gram positive bacteria and were susceptible to bacterial enzyme destruction and stomach acid.
To overcome these issues, chemists created semisynthetic penicillins that maintain the B-lactam ring which is what gives antibiotics their properties. Where the deviations exist are in the R group that determines the degree of antibacterial activity.
Chemists use an enzyme called amidase to remove the amide bond and then replace the R group and test the properties of the new antibiotic.
Among these newer antibiotics are ampicillin, methicillin, and oxacillin. |
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Term
| Give an Account on Medically Important Amides (3) Draw Structure for Barbital, acetaminophen, and phenacetin (p. 512) |
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Definition
Barbiturates or 'downers' are derived from amides and used as sedatives. They are also anticonvulsants for epilepsy and people suffering from other brain disorders that cause neurosis, anxiety, and tension.
Acetaminophen, an aromatic amide first synthesized in 1893 is used in place of aspirin in the case of those who may be allergic or unable to handle apsirin in their stomachs. It is the active ingredient in tylenol and datril. Acetaminophen relieves fever and pain but is not anti-inflammatory.
Phenacetin, first synthesized in 1887 is used as an analgesic and is similar in structure to acetaminophen. It was banned in 1983 however because of kidney damage and blood disorders it causes. |
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Term
| Draw the resonance of an Amide (p. 510) |
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Definition
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Term
| EC: Draw Imidizole, Pyridine, Pyrrole, and Pyrimidine (p. 507) |
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Definition
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