Term
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Definition
| Inquiry into possible relationships among particular phenomena to produce verifiable knowledge. Research is one way to produce evidence. |
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Term
| What is critical thinking? |
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Definition
| The examination of ideas, assumptions, principles, arguments, beliefs, and actions. |
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Term
| Research questions should identify what four things? |
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Definition
1. Define the specific question area.
2. Reflect a review of the literature.
3. Identify the potential significance to nursing.
4. Reflect the feasibility of studying the research question. |
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Term
| What is a problem statement? |
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Definition
| A statement that presents the idea that will be studied. |
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Term
| What are the 3 checklist items for research questions? |
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Definition
| 1. Variables being considered are identified. 2. Population being studied is specified. 3. Possibility of empirical testing is implied. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena for the purpose of explaining and making predictions about those phenomena. |
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Term
| What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative studies? |
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Definition
| Quantitative studies have results that are based on numeric analysis and statistics. Qualitative research studies are focused on differences in quality, rather than differences in quantity. Results are in words or pictures rather than numbers. Also quantitative studies use theories or test them, whereas, qualitative studies often help create them. |
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Term
| Theories help to do what in a research study? |
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Definition
| They help to provide structure and direction for a research study so it can answer the proposed question. They are not always explicitly stated in a research article. |
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Term
| After you have the question what are the 2 components you need? |
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Definition
1. Purpose - Declares WHY this study occurs. Sets the stage for making an argument.
2. Specific Aims/Objectives - Describes HOW the researcher intends to answer the question. Describes the goals of the study, what it seeks to accomplish. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are represented in research articles as X and Y. X = Independent Variable (manipulated), Y = Dependent Variable (observed). We really want to understand the nature of Y. |
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Term
| What are causal relationships? |
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Definition
| Changes in X do not necessarily CAUSE changes in Y. It cannot be assumed that changes in X CAUSED changes in Y. |
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Term
| What are associative relationships? |
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Definition
| X and Y are systematically related. |
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Term
| Can the research question be tested by measuring the relationship between the X and Y variables? |
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Definition
| Yes, if the variables can be observed, measured, and analyzed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The WHO who will provide the data to answer the question. Needs to be clearly described by key demographic variables. |
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Term
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Definition
| The place WHERE the question will be answered. |
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Term
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Definition
| A characteristic of a sample. |
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Term
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Definition
| The assignment of a number to represent variables or events. |
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Term
| What is frequency distribution? |
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Definition
| A count of the number of times something happened and it is grouped according to its frequency. |
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Term
| What are the measures of central tendency? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A statement about a research question. |
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Term
| What is the difference between a null and alternative hypothesis? |
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Definition
| The null hypothesis corresponds to a general or default position. For example, the null hypothesis might be that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena. The alternative hypothesis, usually stated at the same time as the null hypothesis asserts, a particular relationship between the phenomena. The alternative need not be the logical negation of the null hypothesis. It predicts the results from the experiment if the alternative hypothesis is true. |
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Term
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Definition
| A characteristic of a population. |
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Term
| What is +/- 1 standard deviation from the mean? |
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Definition
| Where 68% of a normally distributed sample falls in relation to the mean. |
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Term
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Definition
| The percentage of cases a given score exceeds. |
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Term
| What is a positively skewed distribution of data? |
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Definition
| Tail is to the right side. |
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Term
| What is a negatively skewed distribution of data? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are descriptive statistics? |
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Definition
| They organize and describe the characteristics of the data in a particular study sample. |
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Term
| What is statistical significance? |
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Definition
| It indicates that the observed relationship between independent variable (predictor) and dependent variable (outcome) from the data is likely to be real, not by chance. |
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Term
| What does a p-value represent? |
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Definition
| The level of significance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The likelihood the results happened by chance is less than 5%. |
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Term
| What are inferential statistics? |
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Definition
| They make inferences from data collected from a sample about a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| A number between 0 and 1 that indicates the likelihood or certainty of an event occurring. |
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Term
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Definition
| The likelihood that an instrument, measurement, or medical test will correctly identify those individuals who have a particular attribute. |
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Term
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Definition
| The probability that a diagnostic test will correctly identify the absence of disease. |
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Term
| What are parametrical statistical tests that check for the differences between different parameters in groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are tests that indicate the presence or absence of a relationship between variables, and the degree of that relationship? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A way to evaluate the degree of the relationship between a dependent and independent variable(s). |
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Term
| What are confidence intervals? |
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Definition
| A way to describe the precision of an estimate. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the degree of association. |
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Term
| What is a chi-square test? |
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Definition
Is any statistical hypothesis test in which the sampling distribution of the test statistic is a chi-square distribution when the null hypothesis is true, or any in which this is asymptotically true, meaning that the sampling distribution (if the null hypothesis is true) can be made to approximate a chi-square distribution as closely as desired by making the sample size large enough.
The alternative hypothesis, usually stated at the same time as the null hypothesis asserts, a particular relationship between the phenomena. The alternative need not be the logical negation of the null hypothesis. It predicts the results from the experiment if the alternative hypothesis is true. |
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Term
| Good questions are clearly defined with the following 4 characteristics: |
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Definition
1. Types of people and patients.
2. Interventions or exposures.
3. Outcomes.
4. Relevant study designs identified and prioritized. |
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Term
| Critical reading skills come from what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the strategies for preliminary understanding? |
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Definition
1. Use dictionary.
2. Review chapters in text.
3. List key variables.
4. Highlight important things. |
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Term
| What are the strategies for comprehensive understanding? |
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Definition
1. Identify main idea/theme.
2. Clarify unclear terms.
3. Understand main points before critiquing article. |
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Term
| What are research ethics? |
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Definition
| Provides moral grounding for conduct of research team and protects research participants. |
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Term
| What are the 3 ethical principles guiding the conduct of research? |
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Definition
1. Respect for persons.
2. Beneficence.
3. Justice.
* Injustice = Undue burden. |
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Term
| One of the 3 ethical principles: Respect for persons involves what 3 things? |
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Definition
1. Right to self determination.
2. Choice to participate.
3. People with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection. |
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Term
| IRB approval should clearly be stated in what section? |
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Definition
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Term
| Findings/results and discussion section should not suggest what? |
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Definition
| An ethical compromise that occurred during the study. |
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