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| The sociological perspective |
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Definition
| stresses the social contexts in which people live. It examines how these contexts influence people's lives. |
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| A group of people who share a culture and a territory |
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| how jobs, income, education, gender, age and race-ethnicity affect people's ideas and behavior. |
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| C. Wright Mill's sociological imagination |
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| The sociological imagination [perspective] enables us to grasp the connection between history and biography. |
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| Auguste Comte and Positivism |
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Definition
| social upheaval of the French Revolution led Comte to analyze social order |
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| Herbert Spencer is associated with what sociological idea? |
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Definition
| social Darwinism. Thought that helping the poor was wrong, that this merely helped the "less fit" to survive. |
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| Karl Marx believed that the engine of human history is |
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Definition
| class conflict. He said that the bourgeoisie are locked in conflict with the proletariat. |
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| Emile Durkheim is associated with? |
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| Social integration. The more social ties you have in a society, the less likely you are to commit suicide. |
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| Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic |
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Definition
| disagreed with Marx that economics guided social change. Instead he concluded that religion led to social change. |
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| Religion and the origin of Capitalism |
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| Max Weber believed that protestant thrift eventually led to capitalism. |
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| published Society in America twenty years before Durkheim and Weber were born. |
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| perhaps the first social worker. Founded Hull house, was also a leader in the women's rights movement. |
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| spent his lifetime studying race relations. As well as being a sociologist he was an early social reformer. |
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| criticized for doing nothing in the way of social reform. Rather, made models of how the parts of sociology work together. |
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| C. Wright Mills urged sociologists to.. |
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Definition
| get back to social reform in opposition of Talcott Parsons. |
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| using sociology to solve problems |
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| a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work. |
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| individuals evaluate their own conduct by comparing themselves with others. |
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| society is made up of interrelated parts that work together. like a living organism. |
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| Robert Merton and functionalism |
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Definition
| was concerned with functionalism as it related to functions (beneficial) and dysfunctions (consequences) also with latent functions and latent dysfunctions. |
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| everyone in population has an equal chance of being included in study |
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| used to get a random sample of a specific subgroup. |
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| researcher participates in research setting while observing what is happening in that setting. |
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| observing behavior of people who do not know that they are being studied. |
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| Brajuha and Humphrey's Ethics |
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| known for protecting the identities of study participants. |
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| the body's way of breaking down foods into nutrients in preparation for absorption. |
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| the uptake of nutrients by the cells of the small intestine for transport into either the blood or the lymph |
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| is a flexible muscular tube that extends from the mouth, through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum to anus. |
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Term
| The inner space within the GI tract is called the: |
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Definition
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| the process of digestion begins in the: |
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| when you swallow a mouthful of food it passes through the: |
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Definition
| pharynx, a short tube that is shared by both the digestive system and the respiratory system. |
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Term
| to bypass the entrance (of a bolus) to your lungs, the _______ closes off your air passages so that you don't choke when you swallow. |
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| after a mouthful of food has been swallowed it is called a: |
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| the "food pipe" the conduit from the mouth to the stomach |
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| the esophagus has a ____ muscle at each end. during a swallow the upper esophageal sphincter opens. |
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| During a swallow the upper esophageal sphincter opens. the bolus then slides down the esophagus, which passes through a hole in the diaphragm and into the __________. |
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| little by little, the stomach transfers the food to its lower portion, adds juices to it and grinds it to a semi-liquid mass called _____. |
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| bit by bit, the stomach releases the chyme through the ______ sphincter which opens into the small intestine and then closes behind the chyme. |
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Definition
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| at the beginning of the small intestine, the chyme bypasses the opening from the common bile duct, which is dripping with fluids into the small intestine from 2 organs outside the GI tract. They are: |
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Definition
| the gallbladder and the pancreas |
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Term
| The chyme travels on down the small intestine through it's three segments |
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Definition
| the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum (almost 10 feet of tubing coiled within the abdomen) |
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Term
| Having traveled the length of the small intestine the remaining contents arrive at another sphincter. the _________ valve, at the beginning of the large intestine (colon). |
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Definition
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| Upon entering the colon, the contents pass another opening. Any intestinal contents slipping into this opening would end up in the _______. |
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| The contents of the colon bypass the appendix and travel along the large intestine up the right side of the abdomen, across the front of the left side, down the lower left side and finally below the other folds of the intestines to the _________. |
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| As the intestinal contents pass to the rectum, the colon withdraws water, leaving a semisolid waste. The strong muscles of the rectum and the anal canal hold back this waste until it is time to defecate. Then the rectal muscles relax and the two sphincters of the ______ open to allow passage of waste. |
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Definition
| anus!! eww!!! gross!!! poopy!! |
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| occurs continuously and pushes the intestinal contents along |
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| the ______ has the thickest walls and strongest muscles of all the GI tract organs |
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| during __________ the circular muscles of the intestines rhythmically contract and squeeze their contents. |
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| the breakdown of food into nutrients requires secretions from five different organs: |
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Definition
| salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, liver and small intestine. |
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Definition
| a protein that facilitates a chemical rxn |
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| The (digestive) enzymes involved in digestion facilitate a chemical rxn known as: |
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Definition
| hydrolysis-- the addition of water to break a molecule into smaller pieces. |
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| the salivary glands squirt just enough _____ to moisten each mouthful of food so that it can pass easily down the esophagus. |
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Definition
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| In the stomach, ________ glands secrete gastric juice, a mixture of water, enzymes and hydrochloric acid which acts primarily in protein digestion. |
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| a thick slippery, white substance that coats the cells, protecting them from acid, enzymes, and disease-causing bacteria that might otherwise cause harm |
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| the _______ juice contains enzymes that act on all three macronutrients. |
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| In addition to enzzymes, the pancreatic juice contains ________________ which is basic or alkaline-- opposite of the stomach's acid |
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| ____ also flows into the duodenum. The liver continuously produces ____, which is then concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. |
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| bile is not an enzyme. It is an ____________ that brings fats into suspension in water so that enzymes can break them down into their component parts. |
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| finger-like projections from the folds of the small intestine; singular villus. |
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| tiny hair-like projections on each cell of every villus that can trap nutrient particles and transport them into cells |
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| tubular glands that lie between the intestinal villi and secrete intestinal juices into the small intestine. |
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| cells of the GI tract (and lungs) that secrete mucus |
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| in the crevices between the villi |
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| specialization of the GI tract |
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Definition
| cells of successive portions of the intestinal tract are specialized to absorb different nutrients. |
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| T or F food combining can enhance absorption of certain nutrients |
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Definition
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| nutrients pass through the cells of the villi and enter either the _____ or (if they are water soluble) or the ______ (if they are fat soluble) |
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Term
| What is the route that blood travels in the body? |
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Definition
| heart to arteries to capillaries to veins to heart |
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Definition
| the large, primary artery that conducts blood from the heart to the body's smaller arteries |
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| vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues |
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| small vessels that branch from an artery. Capillaries connect arteries to veins. Exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials takes place across capillary walls. |
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| vessels that carry blood to the heart |
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| the vein that collects blood from the GI tract and conducts it to capillaries in the liver. |
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| the vein that collects blood from the liver capillaries and returns it to the heart. (hepatic=liver) |
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| provides a one way route for fluid from the tissue spaces to enter the blood. |
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| a clear yellowish fluid that is similar to blood except that it contains no red blood cells or platelets. lymph from the GI tract transports fat and fat soluble vitamins to the bloodstream via lymphatic vessels |
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Definition
| the main lymphatic vessel that collects lymph and drains into the left subclavian vein, where the lymph enters the bloodstream. |
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Definition
| the vein that provides passageway from the lymphatic system to the vascular system. |
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| the lymphatic vessels of the intestine that take up nutrients and pass them to the lymph circulation are called |
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| milk product that results from the fermentation of lactic acid in milk by l. bulgaricus and s. thermophilus |
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Term
| the living bacteria in yogurt is considered to be a ________. |
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Definition
| probiotic, because they change the conditions and native bacterial colonies in the GI tract in ways that seem to benefit health. |
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Definition
| the maintenance of constant internal conditions by the body's control systems. |
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| two intricate and sensitive systems coordinate all the digestive and absorptive processes: |
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Definition
| the hormonal (or endocrine) system and the nervous system. |
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Definition
| diet planning tools that organize foods by their proportions of carb, fat and protein. foods on any single list can be used interchangeably. |
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| What are the 7 categories of MyPyramid? |
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Definition
| grains, vegetables, fruits, oils, milk, meat and beans and exercise |
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| What are 4 components of the what plant? |
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Definition
| bran, endosperm, germ, and husk (chaff) |
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Definition
| when wheat is refined the bran, germ and husk are removed leaving only the endosperm. |
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| What are the 5 nutrients added to fortified grains? |
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Definition
| iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and more recently folate |
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| dietary guidelines for grains |
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Definition
| eat 3 or more ounce equivalents of whole grains per day. in general at least half of the grains you consume should be whole. |
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| dietary guidelines for fruits and vegetables |
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Definition
| choose a variety. in particular selevet from all five subgroups (dark green, orange, legumes, starchy vegetables and other vegetables) several times a week. |
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| dietary guidelines for milk products |
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Definition
| consume 3 cups per day of fat free or low-fat milk or equivalent. |
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| FDA requires that the nutrition facts panel on food labels present nutrition information in 2 ways: |
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| quantities (grams) and percentages (of daily totals) |
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>20% =high or excellent source
10-19%=good source
<5%=low |
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| must meet FDA definitions which include conditions under which each term can be used. |
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| must be vaguely "qualified" but the FDA has levels ranging from A to D with descending scientific proof for each claim. |
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Definition
| can be made without any FDA approval. the only criterion for a structure-function claim is that it cannot mention a specific disease or symptom. |
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| possible benefits of a vegetarian diet |
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Definition
| weight control, blood pressure, less incidence of heart disease, cancer and other diseases. |
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Definition
| milk product that results from the fermentation of lactic acid in milk by l. bulgaricus and s. thermophilus |
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Term
| the living bacteria in yogurt is considered to be a ________. |
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Definition
| probiotic, because they change the conditions and native bacterial colonies in the GI tract in ways that seem to benefit health. |
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