Term
| Types of nutritional deficiencies |
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Definition
- Protein-energy malnutrition
- Vitamin deficiencies
- Mineral deficiencies |
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Term
| Adequate diet should provide: |
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Definition
- energy as CHOs, fats, and proteins
- essential amino acids and fatty acids to be used as building blocks for the synthesis of proteins and lipids
- vitamins and minerals which are used as coenzymes or hormones in metabolic pathways or as structural components |
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Term
| Causes of malnutrition in U.S. |
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Definition
- ignorance of nutritional requirements
- poverty
- chronic alcoholism
- acute or chronic illness
- self imposed dietary restrictions |
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Term
| Protein-Energy Malnutrition |
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Definition
- inadequate intake of protein and calories to meet the body's needs
- affects 25% of kids in developing countries
- in severe cases, malnutrition is obvious, but in mild forms it is diagnosed using a height/weight table; a child weighing less than 80% of normal is considered malnurished
- 2 types: Marasmus and Kwashiorkor |
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Term
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Definition
- reduction in calories
- greater than 60% reduction in weight/height
- loss of muscle mass and subcutaneous fat (will cause the extremities to appear emaciated (thin))
- visceral compartment (organs) are spared
- associated w/ anemia, vitamin deficiencies, and immune deficiency w/ increased infections |
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Term
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Definition
- protein deprivation is greater than the reduction in calories
- seen in kids w/ an almost exclusively CHO diet, in disorders w/ protein loss (nephrosis), and following severe burns
- loss of visceral protein (organs)
- hypoalbuminemia
- generalized edema
- weight is 60-80% but masked by edema
- relative sparing of subcutaneous fat and muscle mass (so no thinning of extremities)
- enlarged fatty liver
- defects in immunity
- areas of hyper and hypopigmentation w/ desquamation in skin
- loss of pigment in hair and loss of hair |
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Term
| Secondary protein/energy malnutrition |
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Definition
- advanced cancer patients
- AIDS |
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Term
| Self induced protein/energy malnutrition |
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Definition
- Anorexia nervosa
- Bulimia
- Body image obsession |
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Term
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Definition
13 vitamins necessary for health:
- fat soluble: A, D, K, E
- water soluble: B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), Niacin, B6, B12, C, Folate, Pantothenic acid, Biotin |
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Term
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Definition
- aka retinol
- transported in chylomicrons for storage in the liver (>90% of vit A is stored in liver)
-fxn: maintains normal vision in reduced light; potentiates the differentiation of specialized epithelial cells; enhances immunity
- causes differentiation of mucus-secreting epithelium; deficiency leads to squamous metaplasia and keratinization |
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Term
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Definition
- 1st sign is reduced vision in low light (night blindness)
- xeropthalmia (dry eyes) due to conjunctival alterations
- Bitot spots: build up of keratin
- erosion of the cornea (keratomalacia)
- eventual blindness
- squamous metaplasia of respiratory epithelium (increased pulmonary infections)
- squamous metaplasia of urinary tract (renal stones)
- plugging of skin ducts leading to papular dermatosis
- increased infections |
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Term
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Definition
- lack of Vit D causing inadequate matrix mineralization
- rickets (children): distinctive skeletal bone derangements - craniotabes (soft skull), frontal bossing (big skull in front), pigeon-breast deformity (sternum sticks out), lumbar lordosis, bowing of legs
- Osteomalacia (adults): bone formed during remodeling is undermineralized - osteopenia and fractures |
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Term
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Definition
- vegetables, grains, nuts, dairy, fish, meat
- absorption requires normal biliary and pancreatic fxn
- antioxidant to scavenge free radicals |
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Term
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Definition
- almost impossible for dietary insufficiency to occur
- due to fat malabsorption
- due to abetalipoproteinemia - an autosomal recessive disorder w/ abnormal Vit E transport
- causes problems in nervous system: axonal degeneration, depressed tendon reflexes, ataxia, dysarthria (trouble speaking), loss of position sense, loss of pain sensation, disorders of eye movement
- RBCs w/ shorter half life, may lead to anemia |
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Term
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Definition
- cofactor necessary for blood clotting
- recycled, so that daily requirement is low
- endogenous intestinal bacteria synthesize Vit K |
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Term
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Definition
- fat malabsorption
- alteration of intestinal flora by antibiotics
- diffuse liver disease
- bleeding diathesis (tendencies) |
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Term
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Definition
- lacking in refined foods
- phosphorylated to active form during absorption in GI tract
- involved in synthesis of ATP
- involved in pentose phosphate pathway
- maintains neural membranes |
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Term
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Definition
- targets peripheral nerves, heart, and brain
- Dry beriberi: polyneuropathy due to myelin degeneration, begins in legs and moves to arms, progressive sensory loss, muscle weakness, and hyporeflexia
- wet beriberi: heart disease, high output cardiac failure, peripheral edema (why it's called wet)
- Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: affects mamillary bodies in brain |
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Term
| Riboflavin (B2) Deficiency |
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Definition
- cheilosis/cheilitis: cracks at the angle of the mouth
- glossitis (inflamed tongue) w/ atrophy
- corneal inflammation w/ ulceration
- scaling dermatitis |
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Term
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Definition
- Pellagra
- 3 d's: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia |
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Term
| Pyridoxine (B6) deficiency |
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Definition
| - dermatitis, cheilosis, glossitis, peripheral neuropathy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- 2 causes: Folate deficiency, Vit B12 deficiency
- enlargement of erythroid precursors
- hypersegmented neutrophils
- bone marrow is hypercellular w/ megaloblasts
- macrocytic RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
- associated w/ poor diet
- can be due to medication (phenytoin)
- no neurologic symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
- Pernicious anemia
- intrinsic factor is produced by gastric mucosa and is essential for Vit B12 absorption
- Megaloblastic anemia
- Demyelination in spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
- most common form of nutritional deficiency
- rarely due to low dietary intake in US
- due to malabsorption, pregnancy, or chronic blood loss
- classified as microcytic and hypochromic anemia (small cells that lack color)
- diagnostic criteria: low Hb, low MCV, low serum ferritin, increased total iron-binding capacity, response to iron therapy |
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Term
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Definition
- rash around eyes, nose, mouth, or anus
- growth retardation
- impaired wound healing
- infertility
- impaired night vision (altered vit A metabolism) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- myopathy (muscle problem)
- cardiomyopathy (cardio problem) |
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Term
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Definition
- muscle weakness
- neurologic defects
- hypopigmentation
- abnormal collagen crosslinking |
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