Transportation of

Fat soluble Vitamins

vA,D,E,K

transported to liver by chylomicrons

from liver to tissues in blood by lipoproteins/specific binding proteins

v A,D,K stored in the liver

vE in adipose tissue

1.Vision (esp dim light vision)

hv(light) exposure-nerve impulse to visual cortex of the brain.

2.Gene expression

Mucosal epithelial tissue (moist tissue lining parts of the body

glycoprotein-cell to cell comunication

3. bone growth, immune system, reproduction 

1.Keratinization of epithelial tissues (Thickening and Coarsening of skin

2.xerophathalmia-degenerative changes of cornea and conjunctiva (pink eye)

Keratomalacia-night blindness progresses- ulceration of eye (milky appearence)

3.Growth Retardation

4.Sterility

1.acute- usually infant and children

2.Chronic- example liver failure

A.Symptons

• powerful teratogen-inducer of birth defects
• hypercaro tenosis-turn yellow

Functions of vD

Ca Homeostasis

Calcium Homeostasis (all cells, blood Ca, Skeletal Ca)

• Scafolding for body
• storage site for Ca

Function of vD

Ca absorption and storage

stimulates

1. gut cells to absorb Ca from gut
2. bone cells to deposit/mobilize Ca
3. kidney cells to increase resorbtion form urine

• Trascriptional effect

Rickets (bow legged children)

osteomalcia in adults

ppl using too much sunscreen!

Toxic when 5x the RDA

Can cause calcium deposits in the heart.

1.O2 very toxic (5% free radicals)

damage double bonds in membrane phospholipids

dna and rna

proteins and enzymes soo...

vE antioxidant

donates h+ & e- (quench ROS)

block damage and disease esp in lungs and blood cells

fat malabsorption sydromes

2.Premies born w/ inadequate vE stores from mother bc transfer happens last trimester

• Eye degeneration
• RBC hemolysis

3. w-fibrocystic breast disease

m-intermitten claudation - leg cramps

Blood Coagulation

1. Liver makes proteins necessary for blood clotting (enzymes require vK as coenzyme)
2. affect

Enzymes activity-apo to holo conversion of glutamyl carboxlase

 Gene expression-post transational modifications

• antibiotics we take kill beneficial bacteria that produces vK
• Premies born with sterile gut
• fat malabsorption conditions
  • symptoms-prolonged bleeding

vk Antagonists block synthesis of vK dependent clotting proteins

• Rodent posion (Warfarin)->bleed to death
• anti-heart attack drug-Dicumarol (~warfarin)
  • blood thinning

Thiamin

Structure

b1

• large coenzymatic for that can be synthesized by tissues from the essential form

Thiamin vs TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate[pyro=2])

structure

Thiamin- essential vitamin, smaller from the diet

TPP- the coenzyme larger, made in the tissues

1. coenzyme in energy metabolism(like riboflavin, niacin)

2. glucose, alcohol convert to ATP (inactive till they bind)

beri-beri

-populations subsisting on polished rice (white rice)

-Alocoholics:impaired absorption

symptoms-edema, enlarged heart, confusion

Coenzyme for enzymes of E metabolism (like Thiamin and niacin)

oxidation of CHO,proteins,fats->ATP via glycolosis,

TCA cycle, oxphos involves enzymes that are activated by FMN or FAD

Causes

• Marginal intake
• usually withPCM (multi- V- Deficiencies)
• Light Liable (old dark glass bottle protect from hv)

1.Catabolic rxs-macronutrient oxidation(->ATP)

       TCA cycles, oxphos, glycolosis

2.Anabolic rxs-fat synthesis from XS carbon in liver, adipose tissue

Early 1900's: caused 10,000 deaths/year

1930: Nicacin~not infectious-identified as cure

bio availability=digestion/absorbtion and utilization of vitamin/mineral ex.

corn High in Niacin but low in bio avail. because of P(niacytin) that binds niacin

• Blocks its absorbtion from gut

 the 3D's

Dermatitis, Dirrhea, demensia

Sometimes Death

Temporary Flushing

1. 3x the RDA-flushing in some individuals
2. 500mg/d -> vasodialation

vB3 used for treatment of hypercholesterolemia

• pharacologic dose
• side effects-skin flush, GI disturbances

1. coenzyme for > 100 enzyme

2. Mostly in aa/protein metabolism

   AA1<->AA2<->protein -Activated in PLP

Large amounts in muscle

Mobilized by starvation, not B6 deficiency

marginal intake common in children, young women, and old ppl-no clear medical manifestation

Frank deficiency symptoms-Anemia, mental confusion, convulsions

PMS-may reduce headache, swelling, anxiety

Carpal Tunnel Sydrome

   -common in older adults doing repetitive motions

more than 200 mg/day

Neural symptoms (tremors, numbness)

moist tissue lining parts of the body

example eyes and mouth