Term
| Two functions of the GI tract |
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Definition
Absorb fluid and nutrients
Provide temporary storage of waste |
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Term
| The GI tract consists of: |
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Definition
| Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Sm. Intestine, Lg. Intestine, Rectum, and Anus |
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Term
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Definition
| Breaks up food enabling it to be swallowed. Chewing releases enzymes to help break down food. |
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Term
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Definition
Transports food from mouth to stomach
powered by gravity and peristalsis |
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Term
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Definition
| wave like movements of the digestive tract to move food along pathway |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| examples of clear liquid diet |
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Definition
| water, tea, coffee, fat-free broths, fruit drink (no pulp) and hard candy |
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Term
| What is clear liquid diet used for |
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Definition
| post-op patients to determine GI function, acute illnesses, food intolerance, and to reduce fecal matter for diagnostic procedures |
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Term
| examples of full liquid diet |
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Definition
| everything on clear liquid plus milk, pudding, yogurt, ice cream, veggie juice, and smooth peanut butter |
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Term
| Full liquid diet is used for |
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Definition
| patients who cannot swallow food and a transition between clear liquid and regular diet |
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Term
| examples of soft food diet |
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Definition
| lean tender meats, scrambled eggs, mashed potatoes, cakes and puddings |
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Term
| soft diet used for patients with |
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Definition
| difficulty swallowing or chewing foods. |
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Term
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Definition
| balance between diet, insulin, and exercise. low in carbs and sugar. High in fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
| low fat and sodium. (fat no more than 30% of caloric intake). |
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Term
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Definition
grains = 6 servings
veggies = 3 servings
fruits/meats/dairy = 2 servings
fats = in moderation |
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Term
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Definition
variety of foods including fruits, veggies, whole grains and fat free or low dairy foods.
Low in added sugar and salt
fat intake between 20-35%
Food Pyramid |
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Term
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Definition
primarily plant based foods.
uses meat alts (tofu, and soy burgers)
less fat and calories. |
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Term
| three sections of the sm. intestine |
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Definition
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Term
| function of the folds of kerckring |
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Definition
prevent backflow of intestinal fluid
increase surface area |
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Term
| pancreatic enzymes (active and inactive) |
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Definition
amylase, lipase (active)
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, procolipase, prophospholipase(inactive) |
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Term
| Sm. intestine is primary site of absorption (about 85%) |
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Definition
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Term
| Capillary networks of the villi carry blood to hepatic vein (80% of blood flowing from hepatic vein comes from stomach and sm. intestine) |
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Definition
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Term
| Three functions of nutrients |
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Definition
provide energy
provide structural material
regulate body processes |
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Term
| what is the valsalva maneuver |
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Definition
| voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles during forced elimination which can cause changes in HR and rhythm |
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Term
| what are the two types of carbs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Sugars. water soluble.
produced naturally by plants and animals.
monosaccharide - single molecule
disaccharide - double molecule |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
insoluble polysaccharide
exists naturally in plants
Ex - grains, legumes, and potatoes |
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Term
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Definition
derived from plants
provides bulk to diet
helps the dig tract to function correctly and eliminate waste. |
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Term
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Definition
Enzymes in carb digestion include salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, maltase, sucrose, and lactose.
Desired end product of carb digestion is monosaccharide
all monosaccharides are absorbed in sm. intestine. |
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Term
| proteins are made up of what? |
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Definition
Amino Acids.
Essential and Nonessential |
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Term
| 3/4 of the body's solids are proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a complete, partially complete and an incomplete protein |
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Definition
Complete - contain all essential AA (meats, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy)
partially complete - contain less than the essential AA and therefore cannot alone support growth.(gelatin)
incomplete - lack one or more essential AA. usually derived from veggies. |
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Term
| Pepsin breaks down protein and digested in sm. intestine. stored via active transport to tissues and cells for cell structure. body cannot store excess AA |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Anabolism and Catabolism |
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Definition
Anabolism - building tissue
Catabolism - breakdown tissue
(nitrogen balance regulates this) |
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Term
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Definition
organic, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
fats - lipids in solid form
oils - lipids in liquid form |
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Term
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Definition
saturated - all carbon atoms filled to capacity
unsaturated - need more hydrogen atoms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
three fatty acids. account for more the 90% of lipids in foods and in the body.
saturated triglycerides - found in animals
unsaturated triglycerides - found in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| fatlike substance produced in both the body and in foods from animals. needed to create bile acids and to synthesize steroid hormones. |
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Term
| End product of lipid digestion is glycerol, fatty acids, and cholesterol. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an organic substance that cannot be manufactured by the body. |
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Term
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Definition
C and B-complex
body cannot store these |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium. |
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Term
| macrominerals are those that the body needs over 100mgs daily. |
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Definition
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Term
| microminerals are those that the body needs less than 100mgs daily. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| iron, zinc, copper, chromium, selenium |
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Term
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Definition
| all biochemical and physiologic processes by which the body grows and maintains itself. |
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Term
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Definition
rate at which the body metabolizes food to maintain the energy requirements of a person who is awake and at rest.
BMR = 24 X Weight(lbs)/2.2 |
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Term
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Definition
indicator of changes in fat stores and whether a person's weight is appropriate to height.
BMI = weight(kg)/height(m)2
normal = 18-24.9 |
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Term
| Why do males need more nutrition? |
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Definition
| males have a greater muscle mass and need more calories. |
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Term
| Why do females need more iron? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would alcohol affect nutrition? |
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Definition
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Term
| How could religion affect nutrition? |
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Definition
| some religions prohibit certain foods, or avoid foods on certain days/months. |
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Term
| developmental considerations: infants |
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Definition
regurgitation is common due to weak pyloric sphincter. addition of solid foods to diet decreases this.
iron deficiency- inadequate iron stores. supplement with formula and fortified cereals |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when child uses bottle in bed or at naptime. causes tooth decay. wean off bottle prior to 1 yr. |
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Term
| developmental consideration: toddler |
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Definition
by age 3 most toddlers are able to bite and chew food.
GI functions more mature than infant
never use food as reward of punishment and avoid tension at dinner table |
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Term
| developmental considerations: school age |
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Definition
| usually eat 3 meals a day, plus two snacks. keep snacks healthy to avoid obesity. promote active lifestyle. |
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Term
| developmental considerations: adolescent |
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Definition
increased need for nutrients.
avoid junk food.
eating disorders occur at this age. |
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Term
| developmental considerations: young adult |
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Definition
iron deficiency prevalent in women.
obesity occurs when active teens become inactive adults w/o reduction in caloric intake.
calcium needed to maintain bone health |
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Term
| developmental considerations: middle adult |
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Definition
portion control
postmenopausal women need calcium and vitamin d.
obesity a concern (decreased metabolic activity + sedentary lifestyle)
hypertension and diabetes a concern
lower cholesterol to maintain health |
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Term
| developmental considerations: elderly |
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Definition
lower metabolic activity + sedentary lifestyle = fewer calories needed.
tooth loss and impaired sense of taste. ill fitting dentures and sore mouth a concern. diminished saliva production.
decreased social interaction and living alone contribute. anxiety, depression, and dependence on others also factor. |
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Term
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Definition
| fewer calories, limit sodium, reduce fat intake, adequate vitamin intake, high fiber, minimum # of servings of each food group. |
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Term
| what is food as tolerated? |
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Definition
| physician ordered when diet and tolerance to food may change over time. usually starts with clear liquid and moves eventually to regular. |
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Term
| Consumption of diet record |
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Definition
100% = total consumption
75% = 3/4 of meal consumed
50% = 1/2 of meal consumed
25% = 1/4 of meal consumed |
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Term
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Definition
Short term nutrition support
inserted through nose and into stomach
uses stomach as natural reservoir
risk for aspiration. |
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Term
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Definition
short term nutrition support
inserted thru nose and into sm. intestine
used for patients with high risk for aspiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| long term feeding tube. placed thru opening in stamach(PEG) or jejunum(PEG) |
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Term
| Always report if intake does not approximate output!! |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| IV, Oral, Blood products, Irrigants, Tube feedings |
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Term
| Always measure all substances administered into the body in MLS and record immediately. |
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Definition
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Term
| urine is main item measured in output and should remain at least 30 mls per hour. |
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Definition
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Term
| if water loss from skin or stool is excessive, include in output. |
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Definition
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